Mimicking the Human Tympanic Membrane: the Significance of Geometry

Abstract

The human tympanic membrane (TM) captures sound waves reaching the outer ear from the environment and transforms them into mechanical motion. The successful transmission of these acoustic vibrations in varying frequency ranges is attributed to the structural architecture of the TM. However, a limited knowledge is available on the contribution of its discrete anatomical features, which is important to fabricate functional biomimetic TM replacements. This work synergizes theoretical and experimental approaches toward understanding the significance of geometry in tissue engineered TM scaffolds. Three test designs along with a plain control were chosen to decouple some of the dominant structural attributes, such as, the radial and circumferential alignment of the collagen fibrils. In silico models suggested a geometrical dependency of their mechanical and acoustical responses, where the presence of radially aligned fibers was observed to have a more prominent effect compared to their circumferential counterparts. Following which, a hybrid fabrication strategy combining electrospinning and additive manufacturing was optimized to manufacture hierarchical scaffolds within the dimensions of the native TM. The experimental characterizations conducted using macro-indentation and laser Doppler vibrometry were in line with the computational models. Finally, biological studies performed with human dermal fibroblasts and human mesenchymal stromal cells, revealed a favorable influence of scaffold hierarchy on cellular alignment and subsequent collagen deposition.Abstract FigureGraphical abstract.Schematic diagram illustrating the overall flowchart of the work. 3D: three-dimensional; ES: electrospinning; FDM: fused deposition modeling; TM: tympanic membrane.

Cellulose-Based Fibrous Materials From Bacteria to Repair Tympanic Membrane Perforations

“…To this purpose, it is fundamental to understand the factors influencing the success or failure of a repaired TM. Several biomaterial-based scaffolds and biomolecules have been evaluated for eardrum tissue engineering and different models have been developed to address a more accurate description of the eardrum shape ( Kakehata et al, 2008 ; Kim et al, 2009 ; Mota et al, 2015 ; Anand et al, 2020 ; Li et al, 2020 ). For example, Anand et al (2020) produced poly(ethylene oxide terephthalate)/poly(butylene terephthalate) (PEOT/PBT)-based TM scaffolds using a hybrid fabrication strategy combining electrospinning and additive manufacturing.…”