Mindset Theory of Action Phases and If-Then Planning

Keller, Lucas; Bieleke, Maik; Gollwitzer, Peter M.

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-13788-5_2

Cited by 22 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…Interventions for modifying impulsivity and self-control may remove temptations and strengthen self-efficacy in regulating impulses [ 77 ]). In particular, the if-then planning intervention that specifies when, where, and how to regulate impulses is potentially useful [ 78 ]; a review reported that this type of intervention showed efficacy in reducing addictive behaviors (eg, in binge drinking and cigarette smoking) [ 79 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impulsivity, Self-control, Interpersonal Influences, and Maladaptive Cognitions as Factors of Internet Gaming Disorder Among Adolescents in China: Cross-sectional Mediation Study

Yu¹,

Mo²,

Zhang³

et al. 2021

J Med Internet Res

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Background Gaming disorder, including internet gaming disorder (IGD), was recently defined by the World Health Organization as a mental disease in the 11th Revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11). Thus, reducing IGD is warranted. Maladaptive cognitions related to internet gaming (MCIG) have been associated with IGD, while impulsivity, self-control, parental influences, and peer influences are key risk factors of IGD. Previous literature suggests that MCIG is associated with the aforementioned 4 risk factors and IGD, and may thus mediate between these risk factors and IGD. These potential mediations, if significant, imply that modification of MCIG may possibly alleviate these risk factors’ harmful impacts on increasing IGD. These mediation hypotheses were tested in this study for the first time. Objective This study tested the mediation effects of MCIG between intrapersonal factors (impulsivity and self-control) and IGD, and between interpersonal factors (parental influences and peer influences) and IGD among adolescents in China. Methods An anonymous, cross-sectional, and self-administered survey was conducted among secondary school students in classroom settings in Guangzhou and Chengdu, China. All grade 7 to 9 students (7 to 9 years of formal education) of 7 secondary schools were invited to join the study, and 3087 completed the survey. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) checklist was used to assess IGD. MCIG was assessed by using the Chinese version of the Revised Internet Gaming Cognition Scale. Impulsivity, self-control, and parental or peer influences were measured by using the motor subscale of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, the Brief Self-Control Scale, and the modified interpersonal influence scale, respectively. Structural equation modeling was conducted to examine the mediation effects of MCIG between these risk factors and IGD. Results The prevalence of IGD was 13.57% (418/3081) and 17.67% (366/2071) among all participants and adolescent internet gamers, respectively. The 3 types of MCIG (perceived rewards of internet gaming, perceived urges for playing internet games, and perceived unwillingness to stop playing without completion of gaming tasks) were positively associated with IGD. Impulsivity, self-control, parental influences, and peer influences were all significantly associated with the 3 types of MCIG and IGD. The 3 types of MCIG partially mediated the associations between the studied factors and IGD (effect size of 30.0% to 37.8%). Conclusions Impulsivity, self-control, and interpersonal influences had both direct and indirect effects via MCIG on IGD. Modifications of the 3 types of MCIG can potentially reduce the harmful impacts of impulsivity and interpersonal influences on IGD and enhance the protective effect of self-control against IGD. Future longitudinal studies are warranted.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impulsivity, Self-control, Interpersonal Influences, and Maladaptive Cognitions as Factors of Internet Gaming Disorder Among Adolescents in China: Cross-sectional Mediation Study

Yu¹,

Mo²,

Zhang³

et al. 2021

J Med Internet Res

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“…It is striking that studies focusing on endurance performance relied primarily on generic plans prescribed by the experimenter, whereas studies focusing on performance in other sports-related domains relied predominantly on individual plans generated by the participants themselves (see Table 1 and 2). This reflects two common approaches in research on if-then planning (Keller et al, 2019). In the domain of sports and in particular when working with experienced athletes, self-generated plans might be better suited as they can take individual differences in relevant personal strengths and weaknesses into account.…”

Section: Determining the Contents Of If-then Plansmentioning

confidence: 97%

If-Then Planning in Sports

Bieleke

Wolff

Englert

et al. 2021

Zeitschrift für Sportpsychologie

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Abstract. If-then planning (implementation intentions) describes a self-regulatory strategy that helps people to attain their goals across a variety of domains, such as achieving physical activity goals. Based on such beneficial effects, if-then plans are anecdotally discussed as a strategy to enhance sports-related performance as well. However, this discussion currently lacks an empirical basis. We therefore conducted a scoping review to identify experimental research on the effects of if-then planning on sports-related performance, potential moderators of these effects, the methodological approaches used, and the suitability of the available evidence for assessing the effectiveness of if-then planning in sports. Based on a search of four online databases, we identified a set of 11 studies that investigated if-then planning in experimental research with sports-related performance as an outcome measure. Six of these studies focused on if-then planning in endurance tasks, whereas the remaining studies investigated sports performance in domains that do not revolve primarily around endurance (e. g., tennis, golf, darts). The samples were often small and comprised university students; the conclusions drawn regarding the effectiveness of if-then planning for improving sports-related performance were rather heterogeneous. Still, most studies did shed light on tentative mechanisms (e. g., perceptions of effort and pain, arousal) and moderators (e. g., athletes’ beliefs about their performance limits, the feasibility of the behavior) of if-then planning in sports, guiding future research regarding the question of when and for whom if-then planning might be a beneficial strategy. Based on these findings, we identify the potentials and pitfalls of using if-then plans to enhance sports-related performance, discuss promising routes for future research, and derive practical implications for athletes and coaches.

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“…It is striking that studies focusing on endurance performance relied primarily on generic plans prescribed by the experimenter, whereas studies focusing on performance in other sports-related domains relied predominantly on individual plans generated by the participants themselves (see Table 1). This reflects two common approaches in research on if-then planning (Keller et al, 2019). In the domain of sports and in particular when working with experienced athletes, self-generated plans might be better suited as they can take individual differences in relevant personal strengths and weaknesses into account.…”

Section: Determining the Contents Of If-then Plansmentioning

confidence: 97%

If-then Planning in Sports: A Scoping Review

Bieleke¹,

Wolff²,

Englert³

et al. 2020

Preprint

Self Cite

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If-then planning or so-called implementation intentions describes a self-regulatory strategy that helps people to attain their goals across a variety of domains. While if-then plans are well known to facilitate physical activity behavior, there is considerable lack of research investigating their effectiveness for enhancing sports-related performance. We therefore systematically reviewed the empirical evidence available to date, which comprises a total of 11 studies that focus either on performance in endurance tasks or on sports performance beyond endurance. The results suggest that the findings on the effectiveness of if-then planning on sports-related performance are rather heterogeneous. However, the majority of studies shed light on the processes and moderators of if-then planning in sports, allowing inferences about when and for whom if-then-planning might be a beneficial strategy. Based on these findings, we identify potentials and pitfalls when using if-then plans to enhance sports-related performance, discuss promising routes for future research, and derive practical implications for athletes and coaches.

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Mindset Theory of Action Phases and If-Then Planning

Cited by 22 publications

References 66 publications

Impulsivity, Self-control, Interpersonal Influences, and Maladaptive Cognitions as Factors of Internet Gaming Disorder Among Adolescents in China: Cross-sectional Mediation Study

Impulsivity, Self-control, Interpersonal Influences, and Maladaptive Cognitions as Factors of Internet Gaming Disorder Among Adolescents in China: Cross-sectional Mediation Study

If-Then Planning in Sports

If-then Planning in Sports: A Scoping Review

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