“…[6] To overcome this problem, a hot-cathode-ionization-gauge head with correcting electrode [2] was developed and was operated by an existing vacuum-gauge controller together with an automated-pressure-compensating circuit, [3] a shield tube, and a vacuum-gauge cable with long-term resistance to radiation. [7,8] In simulation experiments with excess electrons and with actual synchrotron radiation, the method could displayed the resulting pressure with a pressure measurement error of less than 22 %. [3,4,9] However the method based on an approximate formula was restricted to use in a specific pressure range, related to the influx of photoelectrons, and displayed large errors for pressures below 8 10 -8 Pa. [3,9] Furthermore to solve these problems, a precise method [5] based on an exact formula, was developed without use of the shield tube and the existing vacuum-gauge controller together with the automated-pressure-compensating circuit.…”