Mineral Interrelationships in Parakeratosis of Swine

Luecke, R. W.; Hoefer, J. A.; Brammell, Wallace S; Thorp, F.

doi:10.2527/jas1956.152347x

Cited by 43 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…Bioavailability of Zn may be limited by high dietary Ca. When Ca levels are increased in a diet with low dietary Zn, the incidence of parakeratosis is increased dramatically (Lewis et al, 1956;Luecke et al, 1956). In the current study, Ca was supplied in the diets at higher than NRC (1998) recommended requirements, but no cases of parakeratosis were observed even in pigs fed the reduced Zn diets.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of dietary trace mineral concentration and source (inorganic vs. chelated) on performance, mineral status, and fecal mineral excretion in pigs from weaning through finishing12

Creech

Spears

Flowers

et al. 2004

Journal of Animal Science

111

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Two hundred and sixteen weanling gilts (6.65+/-0.08 kg) were used to determine the effects of decreasing supplemental concentrations of Zn, Cu, Fe, and Mn, and trace mineral source (inorganic vs. chelated) on growth performance, mineral status, and fecal mineral concentrations from weaning through development. The study was conducted over three trials with 72 pigs in each trial. Gilts were blocked by weight and randomly assigned to either 1) control, 2) reduced inorganic, or 3) reduced chelated trace minerals. The control diet was supplemented with 25, 150, 180, and 60 mg/kg of Cu, Zn, Fe, and Mn (in sulfate forms), respectively, during the nursery phase and 15, 100, 100, and 40 mg/kg of supplemental Cu, Zn, Fe, and Mn, respectively, during the growing and gilt-developer phases. Reduced inorganic and reduced chelated treatments were supplemented during all phases with 5, 25, 25, and 10 mg/kg of Cu, Zn, Fe, and Mn, respectively. The reduced chelated treatment supplied 50% of the supplemental Cu, Zn, Fe, and Mn in the form of metal proteinates, with the remainder from sulfate forms. Performance by control pigs did not differ from pigs fed the reduced trace mineral treatments during the nursery and grower-development periods. Gain:feed was lower (P < 0.05) for pigs fed the reduced inorganic compared with those fed the reduced chelated treatment during the nursery period. Trace mineral source did not affect performance during the growing or gilt-developer phase. Plasma Zn concentration and alkaline phosphatase activity were higher (P < 0.01) in control pigs than in those receiving reduced trace minerals during the nursery and growing phases. Plasma Cu concentration and ceruloplasmin activity were generally not affected by treatment. Hemoglobin concentrations were lower (P < 0.05) for the reduced inorganic compared with the reduced chelated treatment in the nursery phase. Fecal concentrations of Cu, Zn, and Mn were lower (P < 0.05) in pigs fed reduced trace minerals than in controls during all production phases. Fecal Zn concentration during the nursery and fecal Cu concentrations during the growing and gilt-developer phases were lower (P < 0.05) in pigs fed the reduced chelated compared with the reduced inorganic treatment. Results indicate that reducing the concentrations of Zn, Cu, Mn, and Fe typically supplemented to pig diets will greatly decrease fecal mineral excretion without negatively affecting pig performance from weaning through development.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of dietary trace mineral concentration and source (inorganic vs. chelated) on performance, mineral status, and fecal mineral excretion in pigs from weaning through finishing12

Creech

Spears

Flowers

et al. 2004

Journal of Animal Science

111

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“…Work in the 1950s and 1960s described a relationship between Ca and Zn where diets high in Ca caused parakeratosis (Lueke et al, 1956;Newland et al, 1958;Hoefer et al, 1960). Furthermore, increased dietary Ca and P levels may have a negative effect on micromineral use in tissue.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of dietary calcium and phosphorus levels on the total tract digestibility of innate and supplemental organic and inorganic microminerals in a corn-soybean meal based diet of grower pigs1,2

Jolliff

Mahan

2013

Journal of Animal Science

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The effects of Ca and P (CaP) levels and micromineral sources on mineral digestibility were evaluated in growing pigs. Treatments consisted of 2 levels of CaP and 3 trace mineral (TM) treatments arranged as a 2 × 3 factorial in a randomized complete block design with 8 replicates. The CaP levels evaluated were: 1) 0.65% Ca and 0.55% P [standard CaP (Std CaP)], and 2) 1.00% Ca and 0.85% P (High CaP). The TM treatments were: 1) Basal, without supplemental TM, 2) Basal supplemented with organic TM, and 3) Basal supplemented with inorganic TM. Both organic and inorganic TM premixes added 15 mg Cu, 150 mg Fe, 10 mg Mn, 0.3 mg Se, and 140 mg Zn/kg diet. Diets were formulated using corn soybean meal with a Ca to P ratio of 1.18 in both CaP treatments. Barrows with an initial BW of 45 kg were acclimated to stainless steel metabolism crates where diets were fed for 14 d before a 10-d collection period. Pigs within replicates were fed equivalent amounts of feed at 0800 and 1600 h each day with water provided free choice. Total feces, urine, and feed orts were collected daily. Essential macro- and microminerals were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma analysis. Increasing dietary CaP decreased the digestibility of Ca and Zn. Phosphorus digestibility did not change when the P inclusion level increased from 0.55 to 0.85% Ptotal. The High CaP level resulted in a lower urinary excretion of most minerals, particularly Cu (P < 0.05) and Mn (P < 0.05), as dietary CaP level increased but the others were not statistically significant. A summary of the ATTD for each of the experimental variables was statistically analyzed and averaged for the experiment. Although there were few statistical differences with individual minerals, they generally demonstrated a decline in digestibility when the High CaP was fed, averaging a 3% lower digestibility consistently than when the Std CaP level was fed. Organic TM averaged an approximately 5% greater digestibility than the average inorganic microminerals with the difference between minerals within each source relatively consistent. These results indicate that CaP level had the greatest effect on mineral digestibility, organic microminerals had a greater digestibility than inorganic minerals, and the innate microminerals had an average apparent digestibility of 45%.

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“…Accompanying clinical symptoms which develop in calves, lambs, kids and piglets include dermatitis, parakeratotic scabby lesions and alopecia around the eyes and mouth and on the nose, ears, neck, ventral areas, scrotum and legs (Tucker and Salmon 1955;Leucke et al 1956;Miller 1960, 1962;Miller et al 1964;Ott et al 1964Ott et al , 1965Mills et al 1967;Underwood and Somers 1969). In extreme cases the parakeratosis in piglets (Lewis et al 1956) and the alopecia in calves (Ott et al 1965) and lambs may involve all body regions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Zinc Deficiency on the Wool Growth, Skin and Wool Follicles of Pre-ruminant Lambs

Masters¹,

Chapman²,

Vaughan³

1985

Aust. Jnl. Of Bio. Sci.

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Two groups of I-month-old pre-ruminant lambs of similar mean liveweights were fed identical liquid milkreplacer diets except that the zinc contents were either 5 p.g (deficient diet) or 32 p.g per gram of dry matter (control diet). These diets were fed for 4 weeks, after which all the lambs received the control diet for 2 weeks.In the lambs fed the deficient diet plasma zinc concentration decreased markedly during the first 2 weeks and skin lesions developed around their mouths. Autophagic vacuoles also developed in most follicle bulbs along with a variety of defects in the wool fibres and progressive inhibition of wool growth. Food intake and liveweight increase were not significantly depressed until the third and fourth weeks of feeding the deficient diet. During this period the wool was shed from the zinc-deficient lambs as a result of the fibres being degraded and distorted within thickened outer root sheaths in the distal (upper) parts of the follicles. In addition, the epidermis of the wool-bearing skin became slightly acanthotic and hyperkeratotic, although not parakeratotic.When the deficient lambs were fed the control diet for 2 weeks, their food intake, liveweight gain and plasma zinc concentration increased to almost those of the control lambs, but their rate of wool growth was still low and the epidermis had not returned to normal. Compared with previous studies the findings of this study suggest that pre-ruminant lambs may be more susceptible to the effects of zinc deficiency than ruminant lambs.

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Mineral Interrelationships in Parakeratosis of Swine

Cited by 43 publications

References 0 publications

Effect of dietary trace mineral concentration and source (inorganic vs. chelated) on performance, mineral status, and fecal mineral excretion in pigs from weaning through finishing12

Effect of dietary trace mineral concentration and source (inorganic vs. chelated) on performance, mineral status, and fecal mineral excretion in pigs from weaning through finishing12

Effect of dietary calcium and phosphorus levels on the total tract digestibility of innate and supplemental organic and inorganic microminerals in a corn-soybean meal based diet of grower pigs1,2

Effects of Zinc Deficiency on the Wool Growth, Skin and Wool Follicles of Pre-ruminant Lambs

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