The global carbon cycle connects organic matter (OM) pools in soil, freshwater, and marine ecosystems with the atmosphere, thereby regulating their size and reactivity. Due to the complexity of biogeochemical processes and historically compartmentalized disciplines, ecosystem-specific conceptualizations of OM degradation have emerged independently of developments in other ecosystems. Recent discussions regarding the relative importance of molecular composition and ecosystem properties on OM degradation have diverged in opposing directions across subdisciplines, leaving our understanding inconsistent. Ecosystemdependent theories are problematic since properties unique to an ecosystem may change in response to anthropogenic stressors, including climate change. The next breakthrough in our understanding of OM degradation requires a shift in focus towards developing a unified theory of controls on OM across ecosystems.
What Controls Organic Matter Persistence and Reactivity?The susceptibility of organic matter (OM) to either persist and accumulate as a long-term sink of carbon, or cycle rapidly and become mineralized (see Glossary) into atmospheric CO 2 , is a key feature of carbon cycling across the biogeosphere. Yet, a seemingly simple question remains unresolved across soil, freshwater, and marine biogeochemistry: what controls the degradation of OM? We know that OM can be highly reactive, and is degraded within minutes in some soil and freshwater environments. Alternatively, it can also be highly persistent, lasting for millennia in soils, sediments, and the open ocean. Decades ago, the consensus would have been that OM persistence is reflected by its molecular composition. In time, flaws in this thinking were revealed, with the recognition that OM persists far longer than can be explained by molecular composition alone [1]. With this insight and recent technological advances [2], the relative importance of OM composition has shifted in diverging directions over time (Box 1). Most notably, the soil and freshwater lines of thinking are developing in opposing directions. The soil community came from a history of considering that soil OM could progressively become 'refractory' due to humification and selective preservation [3][4][5], with molecular composition (e.g., lignin:N) being important for predicting degradation rates [6,7]. The soil community now increasingly recognizes the importance of ecosystem properties [8], with molecular composition being less relevant [9]. By contrast, the freshwater community first proposed the river continuum concept during the 1980s [10], where shifts in the molecular composition of dissolved organic matter (DOM) with movement downstream were expected due to the preferential use of substrates. This theory continues to be validated, even with high-resolution methods [11][12][13]. In the marine community, there are debates about the relative importance of molecularly stable DOM [14] and environmental constraints [15][16][17] to understand why marine DOM has an average radiocarbon ag...