Mineralization of Biomaterials for Bone Tissue Engineering

Abstract

Mineralized biomaterials have been demonstrated to enhance bone regeneration compared to their non-mineralized analogs. As non-mineralized scaffolds do not perform as well as mineralized scaffolds in terms of their mechanical and surface properties, osteoconductivity and osteoinductivity, mineralization strategies are promising methods in the development of functional biomimetic bone scaffolds. In particular, the mineralization of three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds has become a promising approach for guided bone regeneration. In this paper, we review the major approaches used for mineralizing tissue engineering constructs. The resulting scaffolds provide minerals chemically similar to the inorganic component of natural bone, carbonated apatite, Ca5(PO4,CO3)3(OH). In addition, we discuss the characterization techniques that are used to characterize the mineralized scaffolds, such as the degree of mineralization, surface characteristics, mechanical properties of the scaffolds, and the chemical composition of the deposited minerals. In vitro cell culture studies show that the mineralized scaffolds are highly osteoinductive. We also summarize, based on literature examples, the applications of 3D mineralized constructs, as well as the rationale behind their use. The mineralized scaffolds have improved bone regeneration in animal models due to the enhanced mechanical properties and cell recruitment capability making them a preferable option for bone tissue engineering over non-mineralized scaffolds.

Composite Scaffolds from Gelatin and Bone Meal Powder for Tissue Engineering

“…Despite major improvements, current medical procedures to treat bone-related injuries and bone loss still present major clinical risks and are not readily available patient options. As a result, these medical concerns related to conventional surgical procedures and bone substitutes have motivated bone tissue engineering strategies to overcome these clinical challenges [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ].…”

Influence of ER-CR-YSGG Laser and Photodynamic Therapy on the Dentin Bond Integrity of Nano-Hydroxyapatite Containing Resin Dentin Adhesive: SEM-EDX, Micro-Raman, Micro-Tensile, and FTIR Evaluation

“…Hydroxyapatite (HA) minerals are natural compositional constituents of human hard tissues [9]. HA is a slowly resorbing, non-toxic, bioactive, and biocompatible material [10].…”

Vancomycin Loaded Alginate/Cockle Shell Powder Nanobiocomposite Bone Scaffold for Antibacterial and Drug Release Evaluation

“…The deposition of nano cockle powder on the surface of the scaffold matrix has been highlighted in various microscopic studies and is a major contributing factor to the mineralization property of the scaffold as well as cellular interaction for osteoconduction as reported in previous studies (George et al 2019). Biomaterials capable of undergoing mineralization have been well demonstrated to promote and enhance osteoblast interactions for bone regeneration (Wu et al 2020), therefore, changes to the scaffolds characteristic in regards to its ability to undergo mineralization upon being loaded with drugs is also highlighted in this study.…”

“…In a recent review article, it is notable to mention that the authors did conclude that the mineralization properties of a scaffold not only support osteogenesis but in addition, can be used to facilitate in-situ drug release (Wu et al 2020).…”