Mineralogical and geochemical study of the rare earth element mineralization at Gakara (Burundi)

Buyse, Florian; Dewaele, Stijn; Decrée, Sophie; Mees, Florias

doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2020.103659

Cited by 17 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…The accessory minerals are cerianite, galena, anhydrite, rutile, molybdenite and chalcopyrite. According to previous work, the formation of the deposit includes three stages: Stage I: formation of primary coarse-grained bastnäsite, accompanied by gangue minerals such as quartz, biotite, and barite; Stage II: replacement of the primary bastnäsite by microcrystalline monazite that hosts most of the REE; microcrystalline quartz matrix was developed; silicification and brecciation occurred locally; Stage III: formation of La-rich monazite and supergene minerals such as cerianite, rhabdophane, goethite and kaolinite [81][82][83].…”

Section: Gakara Ree Deposit Burundimentioning

confidence: 79%

“…The Gakara REE deposit, located in the Republic of Burundi in east-central Africa (Figure 10), was discovered in 1936. It is one of the highest-grade REE deposits in the world, with an estimated in-situ grade of 47-67% of the total REE oxides [81,82]. The orebodies mainly occur in the wall rocks of quartzite and schist and in the form of net veins.…”

Section: Gakara Ree Deposit Burundimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Figure10. Simplified geological map of the Gakara REE deposit (adapted from Buyse et al[81]). Figure10.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Carbonatite-Related REE Deposits: An Overview

et al. 2020

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The rare earth elements (REEs) have unique and diverse properties that make them function as an “industrial vitamin” and thus, many countries consider them as strategically important resources. China, responsible for more than 60% of the world’s REE production, is one of the REE-rich countries in the world. Most REE (especially light rare earth elements (LREE)) deposits are closely related to carbonatite in China. Such a type of deposit may also contain appreciable amounts of industrially critical metals, such as Nb, Th and Sc. According to the genesis, the carbonatite-related REE deposits can be divided into three types: primary magmatic type, hydrothermal type and carbonatite weathering-crust type. This paper provides an overview of the carbonatite-related endogenetic REE deposits, i.e., primary magmatic type and hydrothermal type. The carbonatite-related endogenetic REE deposits are mainly distributed in continental margin depression or rift belts, e.g., Bayan Obo REE-Nb-Fe deposit, and orogenic belts on the margin of craton such as the Miaoya Nb-REE deposit. The genesis of carbonatite-related endogenetic REE deposits is still debated. It is generally believed that the carbonatite magma is originated from the low-degree partial melting of the mantle. During the evolution process, the carbonatite rocks or dykes rich in REE were formed through the immiscibility of carbonate-silicate magma and fractional crystallization of carbonate minerals from carbonatite magma. The ore-forming elements are mainly sourced from primitive mantle, with possible contribution of crustal materials that carry a large amount of REE. In the magmatic-hydrothermal system, REEs migrate in the form of complexes, and precipitate corresponding to changes of temperature, pressure, pH and composition of the fluids. A simple magmatic evolution process cannot ensure massive enrichment of REE to economic values. Fractional crystallization of carbonate minerals and immiscibility of melts and hydrothermal fluids in the hydrothermal evolution stage play an important role in upgrading the REE mineralization. Future work of experimental petrology will be fundamental to understand the partitioning behaviors of REE in magmatic-hydrothermal system through simulation of the metallogenic geological environment. Applying “comparative metallogeny” methods to investigate both REE fertile and barren carbonatites will enhance the understanding of factors controlling the fertility.

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Section: Gakara Ree Deposit Burundimentioning

confidence: 79%

Section: Gakara Ree Deposit Burundimentioning

confidence: 99%

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Carbonatite-Related REE Deposits: An Overview

et al. 2020

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“…Primary deposits are associated with igneous rocks relatively rich in LREE (Buyse, Dewaele, Decrée, & Mees, 2020;Lintjewas & Setiawan, 2018). At Tongo Gandima, the primary minerals containing REE in granitic rocks are monazite, xenotime, zircon, apatite, ilmenite as well as a variety of uncommon minerals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

TiO₂–Zr–Th–Y–rare‐earth elements ore deposit in unconsolidated fine‐grained sediments from Tongo Gandima in the Bétaré Oya Gold district, Eastern Cameroon

2020

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is an area located in the southeastern part of the Bétaré Oya Gold district (Eastern Cameroon). Geochemical investigations on rare metals (TiO 2 , Th, Y, and rare-earth elements [REE]) were carried out on sample types (source rocks, unconsolidated fine-grained sediments, and concentrated sediments) using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and scanning electron microscope equipped with EDAX spectrometer (SEM-EDS) methods. In this study, five layers of river terraces were selected (organic matter layer, clayey layer, fine sandy layer, coarse sandy layer, and gravel layer). One of them, the gravel layer, is mineralized. TiO 2 , Zr, and REE are more enriched in monzonites than in granites. Unconsolidated sediments derive mainly from the erosion of weathered materials developed on monzonites and granites. The mineral assemblage of fine-grained sediments from the gravel layer is muscovite, kaolinite, quartz, rutile, smectite, and others, and the average concentrations in Th, Zr, and Y are high. Fifty

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“…The trend is also noticeable in developing countries where exploration works have been geared towards unravelling REE resource potentials in African petrological units (Harmer and Nex 2016;Goodenough et al 2018;Ntiharirizwa et al 2018;Buyse et al 2020) (Chakhmouradian and Zaitsev 2012). Some REE deposits are associated with fresh carbonatite and others with weathered lateritic pro les.…”

Section: Symbolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global Deposits of Rare Earth Elements and Prospects in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Kasay¹,

Bolarinwa²,

Aromolaran³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Rare earth elements (REE) are not as rare as their name indicate, but the deposits in which they are found at an economic interest are not very common. They are enriched in carbonatites, pegmatites, alkaline and per-alkaline igneous rocks, placers, laterites, veins, bauxites and iron adsorption clays. Economic deposits of REE are mined from 3 main minerals, which are bastnaesite, monazite and xenotime. REE have been widely used in many high-tech and green technology gadgets, including batteries, computer memories, permanent magnets, smartphones, solar panels, wind turbines, speakers, air conditioners and many other applications. Due to these applications, REE are sought after by many developed and developing economies. The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is endowed with mineral potentials. Studies have speculated REE concentration in areas with carbonatite complexes such as Lueshe, Bingo and Kirumba. Other regions with REE potentials include pegmatites. A high weathering rate contributes to metals and REE deposition in lateritic profiles of pegmatites and other alkaline rocks. Additionally, there are placers in many locations of riverbanks. For example, the alluvial placers of Kabengelwa, Mashabuto and Obaye are enriched in monazite and contain significant quantities of rare earth oxides. We believe that, with more research and explorations, the DRC could be a potential target for future REE projects.

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Mineralogical and geochemical study of the rare earth element mineralization at Gakara (Burundi)

Cited by 17 publications

References 45 publications

Carbonatite-Related REE Deposits: An Overview

Carbonatite-Related REE Deposits: An Overview

TiO₂–Zr–Th–Y–rare‐earth elements ore deposit in unconsolidated fine‐grained sediments from Tongo Gandima in the Bétaré Oya Gold district, Eastern Cameroon

Global Deposits of Rare Earth Elements and Prospects in the Democratic Republic of Congo

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Mineralogical and geochemical study of the rare earth element mineralization at Gakara (Burundi)

Cited by 17 publications

References 45 publications

Carbonatite-Related REE Deposits: An Overview

Carbonatite-Related REE Deposits: An Overview

TiO2–Zr–Th–Y–rare‐earth elements ore deposit in unconsolidated fine‐grained sediments from Tongo Gandima in the Bétaré Oya Gold district, Eastern Cameroon

Global Deposits of Rare Earth Elements and Prospects in the Democratic Republic of Congo

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TiO₂–Zr–Th–Y–rare‐earth elements ore deposit in unconsolidated fine‐grained sediments from Tongo Gandima in the Bétaré Oya Gold district, Eastern Cameroon