Mineralogical characterization of rendering mortars from decorative details of a baroque building in Kożuchów (SW Poland)

Bartz, Wojciech; Filar, T.

doi:10.1016/j.matchar.2009.10.013

Cited by 27 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…The qualitative composition of mortar in the joints is similar but varies in the ratio of minerals: quartz dominates, while calcite, K‐feldspar and gypsum are admixtures. Although gypsum, since antiquity, has been also intentionally added to mortars to increase their adherence and rate of hardening, the report on conservation works specifies that the mortar used was sand‐calcareous; therefore, the presence of gypsum should be attributed to atmospheric pollution, resulting in a chemical reaction between lime mortar (calcite) and sulphur dioxide. Thus, the plaster and the mortar can be possible and important sources of K, Ca and Na ions released from feldspars and calcite because of their weathering.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of secondary salts and their sources in deteriorated stone monuments using micro‐Raman spectroscopy, SEM‐EDS and XRD

Marszałek

2016

J Raman Spectroscopy

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Salts crystallisation is a cause of deterioration of stone monuments. Very small sizes of salt crystals, often a multiphase composition and usually low concentrations hamper their identification. Therefore, micro‐Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and, in some cases, X‐ray diffraction have been used to identify the salts that crystallised within and on the weathered limestone and sandstone architectonic details of the Blessed Salomea sculpture and its arch in the cloister of the Poor Clares in Kraków, Poland. Possible sources of salts, i.e. regarding the plaster around the details, the mortar of joints of the arch and previous conservation procedures, have been discussed. The limestone sculpture reveals the presence of black crusts and the sandstone arch of white efflorescences, both stones crumble and exfoliate. Gypsum and barite were the only salts in the black crust and subflorescences of the limestone. The salts in the pore space of the sandstone include mainly aphthitalite, niter, nitratine and burkeite, while efflorescences consist of thenardite and syngenite. Such differences probably result from various precipitation conditions in narrow pore spaces and on the unconfined sandstone surface. The deterioration products have been mainly assigned to air pollution, stone itself in the case of the limestone, and migration of ions from structural elements of the arch in the case of the sandstone. The impact of the chemicals utilised for stone conservation also seems to be possible. Characterisation of the salts present in deteriorated stones can help in selecting the methods of stone desalination and conservation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of secondary salts and their sources in deteriorated stone monuments using micro‐Raman spectroscopy, SEM‐EDS and XRD

Marszałek

2016

J Raman Spectroscopy

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“…The primary texture, the phase compositions and the distribution of metals among the various phases in the slags provide information on the possible future behavior of the slags. In this respect, a study of historical smelting sites is particularly important because it gives one the possibility (i) to observe the long-term behavior of slag-environment interactions, (ii) to study interactions between historical slags and old mortars and cements, reported to contain slag particles (Bartz & Filar 2010), and (iii) to predict the environmental consequences related to the present storage and present applications of slags. Below, we discuss these features of the RJ slags, which may affect their long-term behavior.…”

Section: Modern and Historical Slagsmentioning

confidence: 99%

MINERALOGY AND COMPOSITION OF HISTORICAL Cu SLAGS FROM THE RUDAWY JANOWICKIE MOUNTAINS, SOUTHWESTERN POLAND

Kierczak¹,

Pietranik²

2011

The Canadian Mineralogist

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Two types of slags produced during historical smelting of Cu ores occur in the Rudawy Janowickie Mountains, southwestern Poland. The prevailing massive slag has a chemical composition dominated by FeO (up to 51 wt.%), SiO 2 (up to 43 wt.%) and Al 2 O 3 (up to 12 wt.%). It consists of silicate glass, olivine and hercynite. The second type, a porous slag, is poorer in FeO (up to 28 wt.%) and richer in SiO 2 (up to 70 wt.%). It comprises two types of silicate glass, olivine, ferrosilite and SiO 2-group minerals (cristobalite and quartz). The morphology of the olivine crystals, phase assemblages, phase composition and distribution of trace elements in slag phases vary from sample to sample, which is consistent with different cooling rates. Phase diagrams used in this study indicate that most of the slag samples have solidified under conditions of strong disequilibrium caused by rapid cooling. A careful investigation of cooling conditions is essential to predict a susceptibility of slags to weathering and to reconstruct historical smelting conditions. For example, samples with longer cooling times are more resistant to weathering; they should be used to reconstruct the temperature of slag formation. Our mineralogical and chemical study of the Rudawy Janowickie slags and a comparison with other historical slags in Europe indicate that: (i) the temperature of slag formation was ca. 1200°C and overlaps with temperature ranges estimated for other historical slags, (ii) the furnace charge was either self-fluxing or silica was added as a flux, which is not so common for historical Cu slags, but was observed for smelting of Pb and Ag ores in the Czech Republic, (iii) preliminary roasting of furnace charge was efficient, as in other historical Cu-smelters, and (iv) the furnace atmosphere was reducing, also as in other historical smelting processes.

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“…Their study for restoration purposes requires a multidisciplinary approach; various types of analysis can be made to provide useful data for a full characterization of the binder and aggregate fractions and for the identification of their raw materials including special additives. Optical microscope observations and calcimetry, XRF, XRPD, TG/DSC, SEM/EDS analyses are the methodologies usually performed in the research activities on mortars from historical buildings [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22], although there are works in which statistical analysis [23], Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy [24,25], mercury porosimeter [26,27], gas adsorption analysis [26], digital image processing [28], atomic absorption spectroscopy [29], inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry [29], physical and mechanical testing [30][31][32][33] are also used.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of historical mortars from the bell tower of St. Nicholas church (Pisa, Italy)

Lezzerini

Legnaioli

Lorenzetti

et al. 2014

Construction and Building Materials

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Mineralogical characterization of rendering mortars from decorative details of a baroque building in Kożuchów (SW Poland)

Cited by 27 publications

References 33 publications

Identification of secondary salts and their sources in deteriorated stone monuments using micro‐Raman spectroscopy, SEM‐EDS and XRD

Identification of secondary salts and their sources in deteriorated stone monuments using micro‐Raman spectroscopy, SEM‐EDS and XRD

MINERALOGY AND COMPOSITION OF HISTORICAL Cu SLAGS FROM THE RUDAWY JANOWICKIE MOUNTAINS, SOUTHWESTERN POLAND

Characterization of historical mortars from the bell tower of St. Nicholas church (Pisa, Italy)

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