Mineralogical–Geochemical Characterization and Provenance of the Stones Used at the Pasargadae Complex in Iran: A New Perspective

Emami, Mohammadamin; Eslami, Moein; Fadaei, Hamid; Karami, Hassan; Ahmadi, K.

doi:10.1111/arcm.12395

Cited by 12 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…The Pasargadae Plain (Figure 1), also known as the Morghab Plain, is one of the vast alluvial sedimentary intermountain basins that is characteristic of the central and eastern part of the Zagros Mountains range [48] which form a plateau at 1400-1800 m above sea level, surrounded by a 2200-2500 m high mountain range [51]. It was formed during the Zagros orogeny, dating back to the Mesozoic era [52], and it is located in a unique position in High Zagros, where it experienced Wurm glaciation and later pluvial stages [51].…”

Section: The Study Area: Pasargadae World Heritage Sitementioning

confidence: 99%

Vegetation Analysis in the Archaeological Area of Pasargadae WHS (Iran) Enhancing the Naturalistic Value of the Site within the Occurring Environmental Changes

Zangari,

Hosseini,

Caneva

2024

Sustainability

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This study provides pioneering research on the vegetation of archaeological areas in Iran to enhance its naturalistic and bioindication values by selecting the Pasargadae World Heritage Site (WHS). Vegetation surveys were carried out in different homogeneous habitats, analyzing the plant communities through statistical elaboration, syntaxonomic role, mapping, and enhancement of plants with conservation interest. In an ecological approach, the study included an analysis of the recent climate changes and human interventions influencing the water resources. Results revealed seven main vegetation types reflecting ecological gradients shaped by environmental, edaphic, and anthropogenic factors. The syntaxonomic analysis showed a primary subdivision in semi-natural grasslands and synanthropic vegetation. Several key species were identified as bioindicators of multiple factors, such as: Launaea acanthodes, Stipa barbata, Alhagi maurorum, Bellevalia saviczii, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Convolvulus arvensis, and Hordeum murinum. The vegetation map showed how the hilly grassland communities hosted the highest number of species with conservation interest and their need to be better protected. Bio-climatic data, such as the construction of dams and the exploitation for irrigation purposes, pointed to the increasing xeric conditions, which make urging conservation efforts for the site’s historical and naturalistic values. The study underscores the importance of preserving places with high plant diversity for effective site management, and enhances the intricate relationship between vegetation and natural features in the occurring environmental changes.

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Section: The Study Area: Pasargadae World Heritage Sitementioning

confidence: 99%

Vegetation Analysis in the Archaeological Area of Pasargadae WHS (Iran) Enhancing the Naturalistic Value of the Site within the Occurring Environmental Changes

Zangari,

Hosseini,

Caneva

2024

Sustainability

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“…Beige stone is a pure aspartic limestone, with compact homogenous texture and uniform composition of calcite and dolomite, and quarts as aggregates of insoluble residues. There is less porosity in calcite-dolomite stone (BS) and a lower quartz content (less than 5% in respect to GGS with 15-20%), which makes them more compact in comparison with GGS and DGS [56][57][58][59]. This stone was used for bases, columns, the Cyrus the Great tomb, and the Stone Tower.…”

Section: Dataset For Substrate Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Substrate Preferences of Ruderal Plants in Colonizing Stone Monuments of the Pasargadae World Heritage Site, Iran

et al. 2021

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Plant colonization on archaeological structures is limited by the substrate conditions of stone surfaces. Despite its relevance for ecological studies and the management plans of archaeological sites, the knowledge on monuments substrate (e.g., stones, microhabitats, microsites), which could be suitable sites for plant establishment, is an underestimated topic. Here, we aim to identify the substrate preference of plants in colonizing stone surfaces as a first step in evaluating the biodeterioration risk. We selected the Pasargadae World Heritage Site (WHS) for its variety of different conditions, and we assessed the substrate preference of 142 ruderal plants occurring on nine monuments, two types of stones, and eight microsites. Our data indicated that stone typology and microsite conditions affected species composition, diversity, and richness. The porosity of the different limestone and the progressive weathering phenomena resulted as relevant factors in plant colonization. Significantly, microsites as a junction of two stone blocks (M1a) and big fractures covered by soil (M3) hosted the most favorable conditions, which needed periodic monitoring during the maintenance activities of the site. Evaluating the substrate preference of ruderal plants can contribute to the identification of the high-risk areas for plant colonization, which need to be considered in the management plans of archaeological sites.

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“…These elements are only transported with the terrigenous clastic sediments, so they can re ect the geochemistry of source area [6]. M. emami et al determined the mineral and chemical composition of these stones and their source by REE analysis of the building materials of the stele built in Pasargadae [7]. Zhang Yuyan et al analyzed the mineral composition and REE of nephrite in the new period of Gansu province, and discussed its origin via XRD, LA-ICP-MS and other analytical methods [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Provenance Identification of the Inkslab Unearthed from Liangfu Gao’s Grave of the Song Dynasty (960-1279 CE) in Chengdu, Sichuan, China

Wang¹,

Gong²,

Shi-ming³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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In order to infer the provenance of ancient inkslab excavated from Liangfu Gao’s Grave of the Song dynasty (960-1279 CE) in Chengdu, a multi-analytical approach, including polarizing microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used for the complete characterization of the ancient inkslab and the collected sample materials of this inkslab. The comparison of the results about mineral structure, major, trace and rare earth elements (REE) suggested that this unearthed inkslab of Song dynasty was Pu inkslab, which was famous in Pujiang County of Chengdu, and conjectured that its particular structure made it show the good inking performance. This work provided a reliable basis for the study of the historical and cultural inheritance of the Gao family, providing more direct evidence for the produce and development of the inkslab in the Song Dynasty.

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Mineralogical–Geochemical Characterization and Provenance of the Stones Used at the Pasargadae Complex in Iran: A New Perspective

Cited by 12 publications

References 38 publications

Vegetation Analysis in the Archaeological Area of Pasargadae WHS (Iran) Enhancing the Naturalistic Value of the Site within the Occurring Environmental Changes

Vegetation Analysis in the Archaeological Area of Pasargadae WHS (Iran) Enhancing the Naturalistic Value of the Site within the Occurring Environmental Changes

Substrate Preferences of Ruderal Plants in Colonizing Stone Monuments of the Pasargadae World Heritage Site, Iran

Provenance Identification of the Inkslab Unearthed from Liangfu Gao’s Grave of the Song Dynasty (960-1279 CE) in Chengdu, Sichuan, China

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