Mineralogical transformations of spodumene concentrate from Greenbushes, Western Australia. Part 1: Conventional heating

Salakjani, Nasim Kh.; Singh, Pritam; Nikoloski, Aleksandar N.

doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2016.07.018

Cited by 57 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Then, 12 mL of HF In Figure 2, the micrograph corresponding to the mineral in its α phase is presented. It can be observed that the particles of the mineral without thermal treatment exhibit an irregular shape and a prismatic structure with a flattened elongated habit, which agrees with that reported in the bibliography [2,14]. Figure 3 shows the results of the SEM characterization of the mineral with thermal treatment.…”

Section: Experimental Equipment and Proceduressupporting

confidence: 84%

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Study of the Extraction Kinetics of Lithium by Leaching β-Spodumene with Hydrofluoric Acid

2016

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Parameters affecting the kinetics of the dissolution of β-spodumene with hydrofluoric acid have been investigated. The experimental tests were carried out in a closed vessel. The influence of several parameters, such as stirring speed, temperature, and reaction time were studied in order to deduce the kinetics of the dissolution reaction. The other parameters, particle size −45 µm; HF concentration 4% v/v, and the solid-liquid ratio 0.95% w/v were kept constant. The results indicate that the stirring speed does not have an important effect on the dissolution of the mineral above 330 rpm. The extent of the leaching of β-spodumene increases with temperature and reaction time augmentations. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses of some residues in which the conversion was lower than 30% indicated a selective attack on certain zones of the particle. The treatment of the experimental data was carried out using the Modelado software. The model that best represents the dissolution of the mineral is the following: ln(1 − X) = −b 1 [ln(1 + b 2 t) − b 2 t/(1 + b 2 t)]. This model is based on "nucleation and growth of nuclei" theory, and describes the style of attack physically observed by SEM on the residues.

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Section: Experimental Equipment and Proceduressupporting

confidence: 84%

“…When the α-structure has transformed into the new β-spodumene structure, the increasing stress due to the volumetric expansion leads to the breakdown of the original particles, and therefore to a particle size reduction. This is caused by the thermal treatment of the sample [14].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of the Extraction Kinetics of Lithium by Leaching β-Spodumene with Hydrofluoric Acid

2016

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“…The latter is an expansion of the crystal lattice of the compound after reaching a determined temperature. The α-spodumene to β-spodumene transition occurs above 950 • C [42] and is endothermic [43]. The crystal lattice expands massively (27%) during the phase transition [44].…”

Section: CMmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spodumene: The Lithium Market, Resources and Processes

et al. 2019

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This literature review gives an overview of the lithium industry, including the lithium market, global resources, and processes of lithium compounds production. It focuses on the production of lithium compounds from spodumene minerals. Spodumene is one of the most critical minerals nowadays, due to its high lithium content and high rate of extraction. Lithium is one of the most sought-after metals, due to the ever-growing demand for lithium-ion batteries (LiBs). The data on lithium extraction from minerals is scattered through years of patents, journal articles, and proceedings; hence, requiring an in-depth review, including the comprehension of the spodumene phase system, the phase conversion processes, and the lithium extraction processes.

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“…Spodumene has three crystalline modifications: (i) α-spodumene, which is the naturally-occurring structure and a member of the pyroxene group [29], is a chain silicate with Si in a tetrahedral coordination and Al and Li in a sixfold coordination [30]); (ii) βspodumene, which is a recrystallized product that forms when α-spodumene is heated at 800-1100 °C and has interlocked five-membered rings of (Si,Al)O 4 [30]; and (iii) γ-spodumene, which is a metastable phase that has been observed when α-spodumene is heated at 700-900 °C [31] but converts to β-spodumene as the temperature is raised further. The α-spodumene phase is known to be refractory and only reacts with chemical agents when the particles are very fine or when the processing is conducted under a very high pressure [32].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During the calcination, α-spodumene, which has a monoclinic crystal structure and specific gravity of 3.15 g/cm 3 , is transformed into β-spodumene, which are a less densely packed form of the same mineral with a tetragonal crystal structure and specific gravity of 2.40 g/cm 3 . The transformation leads to a volumetric expansion of around 30 % that gives greater accessibility to external reagents to penetrate the mineral structure [32].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dense alumina-mullite composite ceramics from alumina and spodumene-albite feldspar binary mixtures: Processing and properties

et al. 2019

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A processing strategy for obtaining alumina-spodumene ceramics from fine commercial powders is presented. In this work, a spodumene addition to calcined alumina powder was performed and their proportion was explored between 15 and 45 wt%. The industrial spodumene presented secondary phases, mainly albite and quartz. Mechanical properties were evaluated. Although they were lower than those of sintered alumina, based on the achieved values an adequate behavior in structural applications can be assumed, especially taking into account that the better mechanical behavior was coupled with the lower thermal expansion. Relatively low thermal expansion (≈ 5 x 10-1 °C-1) behaviors were observed in one of the developed materials. Noncrystalline phases containing lithium were detected. We assume that all the lithium oxide incorporated through the spodumene is in the glassy phase after the sintering of the materials. This difference in lithium concentration in the composition of the resulting glass affected the thermal expansion of the developed materials. Particularly with low lithium content (30 wt% of additive) the material performance was enhanced. This, together with the mechanical behavior, encourages structural applications with high thermomechanical solicitations. With the information gathered, a wide range of materials with specific properties can be obtained by modulating the spodumene-alumina proportion only.

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Mineralogical transformations of spodumene concentrate from Greenbushes, Western Australia. Part 1: Conventional heating

Cited by 57 publications

References 12 publications

Study of the Extraction Kinetics of Lithium by Leaching β-Spodumene with Hydrofluoric Acid

Study of the Extraction Kinetics of Lithium by Leaching β-Spodumene with Hydrofluoric Acid

Spodumene: The Lithium Market, Resources and Processes

Dense alumina-mullite composite ceramics from alumina and spodumene-albite feldspar binary mixtures: Processing and properties

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