Mineralogy and mineral chemistry of snow filter residues in the vicinity of the nickel-copper processing industry, Kola Peninsula, NW Russia

The atmospheric transport and deposition of smelter emissions: evidence from the multi-element geochemistry of snow, Quebec, Canada

“…Despite its importance, this data is rarely given in the literature. Of the most comparable studies in the literature (Boutron, 1979;Barrie and Vet, 1984;Semb et al, 1984;Laird et al, 1986;Maupetit and Delmas, 1992;Suttie and Wolff, 1992;Boutron et al, 1993;Wolff and Suttie, 1994;Barbaris and Betterton, 1996;Loranger et al, 1996;Hinkley et al, 1997;Snyder-Conn et al, 1997;Caritat et al, 1998;Gregurek et al, 1998Gregurek et al, , 1999aGregurek et al, , 1999bVeysseyre et al, 1998;Simonetti et al, 2000a;and Veysseyre et al, 2001), only Barrie and Vet (1984) similarly report reproducibility based on field duplicates-what they call "within-site differences." They concluded that a three-sample mean taken at a single site is within 25% of the areal mean at the 1 (75%) significance level and that this was only true for the major ions and not the metals they analysed.…”

“…This seems a reasonable assumption for more recent analytical methods such as laser-excited atomic fluorescence spectrometry (Bolshov and Boutron, 1994;Bolshov et al, 1997) or sector-ICP-MS ( Barbante et al, 1997;Townsend and Edwards, 1998). However, for studies of snowpack in areas that are not permanently snow-covered and those that receive large amounts of pollution, particulates are the dominant source of the chemical load for many elements and especially for many trace elements (Table 1 this paper; Gregurek et al, 1999a;Gregurek et al, 1999b;Caritat et al, 1998;Reimann, 1998;Gregurek et al, 1998;Reimann et al, 1996). This suggests that, in most cases, the analysis of the total burden is required for valid interpretations of snowpack chemistry and for calculations of atmospheric deposition.…”

“…This multimedia, multispatial, and multinational program clearly links the extent and composition of the chemical footprint on the landscape to local industry. It used snow surveys very successfully to assess the loading of industrial emissions at local (Gregurek et al, 1998(Gregurek et al, , 1999a(Gregurek et al, , 1999b and regional scales (Caritat et al, 1998;Reimann et al, 1996).…”

“…3), which can be related to particle source. For example, Gregurek et al (1999aGregurek et al ( , 1999b were able to use mineralogy to identify the source of particulates in snow as either roasting, smelting, converting, or refining, from one of three industries, as well as identifying the source of the feed as local or exotic. However, without considerable labour and instrument time (to do point counting), particulate morphology and chemistry is a qualitative fingerprinting tool only.…”

Isotopic composition of lead in moss and soil of the European Arctic

“…Seven additional samples of snow filter residue (Ͼ0.45 m) and O horizon, respectively, were collected in the immediate vicinity of the Nikel, Monchegorsk and Zapoljarniy point sources. Sampling details and the preparation of the snowpack samples are documented in Gregurek et al (1999). O horizon sampling at the Russian industrial centers followed the KEP procedures.…”