Mineralogy and modulus of rupture of roofing slate: Applications in the prospection and quarrying of slate deposits

Cárdenes, V.; Rubio-Ordóñez, A.; López-Munguira, Aurora; Horra, Raúl de la; Monterroso, C.; Paradelo, Remigio; Calleja, L.

doi:10.1016/j.enggeo.2010.04.016

Cited by 18 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The studied slate comes from the Valdeorras area (Orense, Spain) and is formed by mica, chlorite, quartz, and feldspar [57]. Its density is 2.6 × 10 3 kg/m 3 , and the slate thickness is 5.2 ± 0.8 mm.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Slate–Cork Laminate Enhanced with Silicone for Habitat Industry Application

Abenojar,

López de Armentia,

Martínez

2024

Fire

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This study investigates the feasibility of using a composite material comprising slate reinforced with cork sheets for architectural purposes like facades and wall coverings. The research involves the comprehensive characterisation of both slate and cork materials along with the evaluation of the silicone adhesive used in their bonding process, specifically Sikasil® HT from SIKA®. It was found that both slate and cork exhibited low wettability, which was enhanced through cold plasma treatment. Subsequently, a composite sandwich structure was fabricated and subjected to impact testing in a drop tower, along with fire resistance evaluations. The fire tests revealed that when subjected to a flame of 900 °C for 15 min, the slate alone heated rapidly, reaching 500 °C within 3 min on the side opposite to the flame. However, the sandwich structure reached 260 °C on the cork side (opposite to the flame) at 7.5 min, maintaining this temperature until the deterioration or detachment of the cork between 11 and 12 min. This provided insulation and delayed ignition. The sandwich structure maintained its fire resistance due to the insulating properties of cork and the superior thermal resistance of silicone compared to other adhesives up to 260 °C. Overall, the results suggest the potential suitability of this sandwich structure for architectural applications. Its favourable adhesion properties and acceptable fire resistance indicate that it could serve as a viable alternative for construction materials in architectural contexts.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Slate–Cork Laminate Enhanced with Silicone for Habitat Industry Application

Abenojar,

López de Armentia,

Martínez

2024

Fire

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“…In "normal" slates, the Fe-chlorites content (fac + fc) outweighs the Mg-chlorites content (mac + mc). The calculated proportion of hydro-micas (ill and br) could reflect (in addition to the Kübler index or the organic matter reflectance [37,38], Figure 4) the degree of metamorphism in most of the samples.…”

Section: Applications (Slatenorm and Slatecalculation)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Normative Mineralogy Especially for Shales, Slates, and Phyllites

Wagner¹

2022

Mineralogy

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First, an insight into normative mineralogy and the most important methods for calculating the standard or norm minerals, such as the CIPW norm, is given. This is followed by a more detailed explanation of “slatenorm” and “slatecalculation” for low and very low metamorphic rocks, such as phyllites, slates, and shales. They are particularly suitable for fine-grained rocks where the mineral content is difficult to determine. They enable the determination of a virtual mineral inventory from full chemical analysis, including the values of carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon (C), and sulfur (S). The determined norm or standard minerals include the minerals—feldspars, carbonates, micas, hydro-micas, chlorites, ore minerals, and quartz. The advantages of slatenorm and slatecalculation compared to other methods for calculating normal minerals of sedimentary rocks are discussed.

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“…No iron sulphides were found in the three samples. It was not possible to calculate the Mica Stacking Index according to (Cárdenes et al 2010), due to the lack of clear mica alignments. The X-ray diffraction analyses were performed at the facilities of the Geology Department of the Ghent University with a Bruker D8 Advance Eco.…”

Section: Petrographical Analysis and X-ray Diffractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Technological characterisation of roofing slate from Nepal

Cárdenes

Neupane

Paudel

et al. 2016

Journal of Nepal Geological Society

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Roofing slate is a group of natural stones which can be split into thin, large and regular tiles. The world's slate market is the third in importance for natural stone, just after granite and marble. Most of the world's production of roofing slate is concentrated in Spain. There are new emerging countries (Brazil, China, India and Nepal) with huge resources of roofing slate. However, many of these resources are not yet well studied. Nepalese slate industry is still incipient, although most of the houses have been constructed using roofing slate since historic time. The representative three samples were taken for quality assessment from Tanahun and Baglung districts. From a geological point of view, the productive formations are the Benighat Slates and Nourpul Formation, but other formations are likely to be potential slate sources. Previous studies have shown an important reserve of slate which needs detailed investigation. Petrography and mineralogy of representative Nepalese slates are similar to the rest of the world's roofing slate. The test results showed values within the acceptance thresholds for roofing slates. This paper also compares the Nepalese slates with other varieties of roofing slates from Spain. Roofing slate industry of Nepal is promising, but still there are many points to improve. GEOLOGICAL CONTEXT AND SAMPLESThe Himalaya can be divided into five distinct morphogeotectonic zones from south to north (Stocklin 1980). From an economic point of view, the southernmost Terai Plain is potential for gravel, sand, groundwater, petroleum and natural gas. The Sub Himalaya is the potential area for construction materials, radioactive minerals, petroleum, natural gas and minor amount of coal. The Lesser Himalaya is potential for metallic and non-metallic minerals, gemstones, dimension stones (roofing slates) and voluminous construction materials.

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Mineralogy and modulus of rupture of roofing slate: Applications in the prospection and quarrying of slate deposits

Cited by 18 publications

References 11 publications

Slate–Cork Laminate Enhanced with Silicone for Habitat Industry Application

Slate–Cork Laminate Enhanced with Silicone for Habitat Industry Application

Normative Mineralogy Especially for Shales, Slates, and Phyllites

Technological characterisation of roofing slate from Nepal

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