Mineralogy and trace element geochemistry of gas shales in the United States: Environmental implications

Chermak, John A.; Schreiber, Madeline E.

doi:10.1016/j.coal.2013.12.005

Cited by 113 publications

(100 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…This suggests that metals originate in the formation and are mobilized during HF. Chermak and Schreiber (2014) suggested trace elements could be mobilized through changes in local geochemical conditions of the fractured shales with the introduction of fracturing fluid (which includes surfactants, acids, and petroleum products). Mobilization of metals from shale formation is also reported by Jaffe et al (2002) and Tuttle et al (2009).…”

Section: Evolution Of Inorganic Constituentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of water chemistry during Marcellus Shale gas development: A case study in West Virginia

Ziemkiewicz

2015

Chemosphere

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Section: Evolution Of Inorganic Constituentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of water chemistry during Marcellus Shale gas development: A case study in West Virginia

Ziemkiewicz

2015

Chemosphere

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“…Shales are characterized by complex organic matter matrix, mineralogy, and chemistry which can impede efficient lipid extraction (Shaw and Weaver, 1965; Boles and Franks, 1979; Aplin and Macquaker, 2011; Chermak and Schreiber, 2014). Clay colloids in the shale sediments also bind to the lipids, interfering with adequate lipid recovery.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modified Lipid Extraction Methods for Deep Subsurface Shale

et al. 2017

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Growing interest in the utilization of black shales for hydrocarbon development and environmental applications has spurred investigations of microbial functional diversity in the deep subsurface shale ecosystem. Lipid biomarker analyses including phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) and diglyceride fatty acids (DGFAs) represent sensitive tools for estimating biomass and characterizing the diversity of microbial communities. However, complex shale matrix properties create immense challenges for microbial lipid extraction procedures. Here, we test three different lipid extraction methods: modified Bligh and Dyer (mBD), Folch (FOL), and microwave assisted extraction (MAE), to examine their ability in the recovery and reproducibility of lipid biomarkers in deeply buried shales. The lipid biomarkers were analyzed as fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) with the GC-MS, and the average PL-FAME yield ranged from 67 to 400 pmol/g, while the average DG-FAME yield ranged from 600 to 3,000 pmol/g. The biomarker yields in the intact phospholipid Bligh and Dyer treatment (mBD + Phos + POPC), the Folch, the Bligh and Dyer citrate buffer (mBD-Cit), and the MAE treatments were all relatively higher and statistically similar compared to the other extraction treatments for both PLFAs and DGFAs. The biomarker yields were however highly variable within replicates for most extraction treatments, although the mBD + Phos + POPC treatment had relatively better reproducibility in the consistent fatty acid profiles. This variability across treatments which is associated with the highly complex nature of deeply buried shale matrix, further necessitates customized methodological developments for the improvement of lipid biomarker recovery.

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“…[126] Nevertheless,b ecause the composition and concentration of NORMs depend on the mineralogy of the shale formation, it is important to understand the relationships between different groups of elements to the mineralogy;this allowsmore accurate predictions of water contamination associated with shale gas extraction. [127] Water contamination associated with flowback water can occur if it is treated in ac onventional wastewatert reatment plant.T his is because the chemicals used in fracturing fluid, as well as the high levels of bromide andt otal dissolved solids in produced water, are not normally handledi nc onventional wastewater treatmentp lants.T his could result in chemical reactionsb etween the chemical components and disinfectant agent in the treatment plant,l eading to the formation of unwanted disinfectant byproducts and an overload of existingi nfrastructure as the quantity and chemical content of the wastewater exceed existingp rocessing capacity and capability. [109,[128][129][130] Thel atter would likely result in wastewater not being fully treated, which,i fd ischarged into rivers,c ould affect toxicity and nutrient levels in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.T hese problems could be made worse by any reuse or recycling of water, which may be practiced to reduce water usage (as mentioned in the previous section).…”

Section: Watercontaminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shale Gas: A Review of the Economic, Environmental, and Social Sustainability

2016

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The growth of the shale gas industry in the US has raised expectations that other nations could boost domestic gas production, leading to lower energy prices and improved energy security. However, the degree to which the US experience is transferable to other countries is uncertain. Furthermore, sustainability implications of shale gas development remain largely unknown. In an attempt to find out if and how shale gas could be exploited in a sustainable way, this paper reviews the economic, environmental, and social aspects of shale gas. These include costs, energy security, employment, water and land pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, earthquakes, and public perception. The literature suggests that it is possible to develop shale gas in a sustainable way, but its future will depend on the industry being able to address the environmental concerns, the political will to see the industry through to maturity, and public support, with the latter most likely being the biggest determinant.

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Mineralogy and trace element geochemistry of gas shales in the United States: Environmental implications

Cited by 113 publications

References 62 publications

Evolution of water chemistry during Marcellus Shale gas development: A case study in West Virginia

Evolution of water chemistry during Marcellus Shale gas development: A case study in West Virginia

Modified Lipid Extraction Methods for Deep Subsurface Shale

Shale Gas: A Review of the Economic, Environmental, and Social Sustainability

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