Mineralogy, fluid inclusions, and S–Pb isotope geochemistry study of the Tuboh Pb–Zn–Ag polymetallic deposit, Lubuklinggau, Sumatra, Indonesia

Xu, Jinhong; Zhang, Zhengwei; Wu, Chengquan; Chun, Zheng; Li, Xiyao; Jin, Ziru

doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2019.103032

Cited by 8 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…These results are consistent with Nagengkangqie'er Ag deposit's which scatter around the Harizha Ag-Pb-Zn deposit (Li and Li, 2017). The data is also comparable with Ag-Pb-Zn deposits elsewhere, such as the Crnac epithermal Pb-Zn-Ag deposits in the Balkan Peninsula (Borojevi c Šoštari c et al, 2011), the Tuboh Pb-Zn-Ag polymetallic deposit in Indonesia (Xu et al, 2019), and the Casapalca Ag-Pb-Zn-Cu deposit in Central Andes (Rye and Sawkins, 1974) commonly interpreted to be of magmatic origin. Thus, we concluded that a magmatic origin (Keith et al, 1997) likely dominated mineralization in the deep source throughout the process, and sulfide was formed with a relatively weak dynamic fractionation effect.…”

Section: Source Of the Ore-forming Materialssupporting

confidence: 77%

Genesis of HarizhaAg–Pb–Zndeposit in the eastern Kunlun Orogen,NWChina: Evidence of fluid inclusions andC–H–O–S–Pbisotopes

Fan

Sun

et al. 2021

Resource Geology

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The Harizha Ag-Pb-Zn deposit is located in the eastern part of the eastern Kunlun Orogen, NW China. Two episodes including five paragenetic stages of vein mineralization has been recognized for the Harizha Ag-Pb-Zn deposit through petrographic observation: quartz + pyrite + arsenopyrite (Stage I), quartz + pyrite + chalcopyrite + pyrrhotite (Stage II), quartz + pyrite + chalcocite + pyrrhotite + sphalerite + galena + pyrargyrite (Stage III), quartz + calcite + pyrite + tetrahedrite + pyrolusite (Stage IV), and calcite + covellite + malachite + goethite + graphite (Stage V). In the quartz or calcite three types of fluid inclusions (FIs) were identified: L-type, C-type, and Stype. The S-type inclusions are only found in quartz in the wall rocks. The Ctype inclusions occur in quartz from early episodes (Stage I and II). The FIs from the early episodes homogenized at 240-320 C, with salinities of 9-12 wt. % NaCl equivalent. The ore-forming fluids at the early episodes belong to an H 2 O-CO 2 -CH 4 -NaCl system. The FIs from late episodes (Stage III and IV) homogenized at 140-240 C, with salinities of 2-8 wt% NaCl equivalent. The ore-forming fluids from the late episodes are dominated by an H 2 O-NaCl fluid system. The H O and C O isotopic compositions of quartz and calcite indicate that the ore-forming fluids were derived from a primary magmatichydrothermal system, with subsequent meteoric water involvement at a later stage. Sulfides have δ 34 S values of −3.7 to -1.0‰, and 206 Pb/ 204 Pb, 207 Pb/ 204 Pb, and 208 Pb/ 204 Pb ratios ranging from 18.381 to 18.425, 15.661 to 15.683, and 38.498 to 38.677, respectively. These likely suggest a magmatic sulfur affinity combined with the ore features, mineral associations, alteration characteristics, ore-forming environment, and fluid evolutionary process. We conclude that the Harizha Ag-Pb-Zn deposit is a typical medium-low temperature hydrothermal deposit.

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Section: Source Of the Ore-forming Materialssupporting

confidence: 77%

Genesis of HarizhaAg–Pb–Zndeposit in the eastern Kunlun Orogen,NWChina: Evidence of fluid inclusions andC–H–O–S–Pbisotopes

Fan

Sun

et al. 2021

Resource Geology

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“…19 Other skarns consist of chalcopyrite + Au-Ag alloy + pyrite ± bornite in a groundmass of calcite + quartz + garnet + epidote ± magnetite ± chlorite. 43,46 The principal mineralised skarns are located in Central-South Sumatra, where they occur near fault or fracture zones, which normally bind the host limestone ± lesser volcanic rocks (252-201 Ma) with non-porphyritic intermediate to felsic plutons ranging mostly from 193 to 83 Ma and less commonly from 54 to 51 Ma ( 20,47 and references therein and 48 ). These metalliferous skarns vary from Au + Cu (or Cu + Au), Pb + Zn + Cu ± Ag and Fe ± Cu, to Mo ± Sn types.…”

Section: Summary Of Geology and Cu Mineralisation In Sumatramentioning

confidence: 99%

Porphyry and skarn Cu prospectivity of Sumatra with GIS spatial modelling techniques

Mulja,

Heriawan,

Hawu Hede

2024

Applied Earth Science: Transactions of the Institutions of Mini

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Decades of mineral exploration on Sumatra Island, situated along the Sunda magmatic arc in Indonesia, have only resulted in the discovery of one mid-sized, economically viable porphyry Cu deposit and a few exploited Cu-rich polymetallic skarns. Nevertheless, studies indicate that more Cu resources remain to be discovered. This contribution integrated geochemical, structural and relief evidential layers with the fuzzy logic- and weights-of-evidence (WoE) methods to produce mineral prospectivity maps that show not only a strong correlation between the generated favourable areas and known porphyry and skarn Cu prospects or lithologic units commonly associated with such deposits, but also other potentially new exploration districts throughout Sumatra. A local singularity fractal map of Cu-enriched zones helped define exploration priorities within the large fuzzy logic or WoE prospective areas, as well as cross-validated the results of the fuzzy models. The Cu potential maps can thus be used as base maps for porphyry and skarn Cu exploration. While the inclusion of relief data in the modelling proved useful for filtering out signal noise arising from other evidential layers and for overcoming the over-fitting issue encountered in the model that excluded this evidential layer, it could marginalise or even omit potential prospective areas lying outside the applied parameters. Although Sumatra Island hosts only one mid-sized, economically viable porphyry Cu deposit and a few exploited Cu-rich polymetallic skarns, studies indicate that more Cu resources remain to be discovered. This contribution integrated geochemical, structural, and relief evidential layers with the fuzzy logic- and weights-of-evidence (WoE) methods to produce mineral prospectivity maps that show a strong correlation between the generated favourable areas and the existing porphyry and skarn Cu prospects, as well as potentially new exploration districts throughout Sumatra. Moreover, a local singularity fractal map of Cu-enriched zones reduces the proposed target areas and cross-validates the results of the fuzzy model. The inclusion of relief data in the modelling filters out signal noise arising from other evidential layers and overcomes the over-fitting issue encountered in the model that excluded a relief map. The resulting Cu potential maps can thus be used as base maps for regional porphyry and skarn Cu exploration.

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“…skarn deposits in Indonesia (geological map: Modified after Sukanto, 2010; skarn deposits data compiled from: van Leeuwen, 2018; Xu et al, 2019;Susanto and Suparka, 2012;Al Furqan, 2014;Boddoe-Stephens et al, 1987;Dito and Sutanto, 2016;Al Hakim et al, 2013;Setijadji et al, 2006;Abidin, 2010;Warmada et al, 2008;Idrus et al, 2009;Bensaman et al, 2015;Maryono et al, 2014) intrusions are the most common intrusions found in this area and are dominated by several types of dioritic intrusion, such as quartz diorite, diorite, diorite porphyry and microdiorite. In contrast, the mafic intrusions are dominated by doleritic composition.…”

Section: Geological Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A distribution map of skarn deposits in Indonesia (geological map: Modified after Sukanto, 2010; skarn deposits data compiled from: van Leeuwen, 2018; Xu et al ., 2019; Susanto and Suparka, 2012; Al Furqan, 2014; Boddoe‐Stephens et al ., 1987; Dito and Sutanto, 2016; Al Hakim et al ., 2013; Setijadji et al ., 2006; Abidin, 2010; Warmada et al ., 2008; Idrus et al ., 2009; Bensaman et al ., 2015; Maryono et al ., 2014)…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Currently, Central Borneo is known to host only three major skarn deposits in this metallogenic belt, namely the Buduk Cu-Au, Ruwai Fe-Zn-Pb-Ag and Benuatan Fe deposits (Setijadji et al, 2010;van Leeuwen, 2018), where the Ruwai Fe-Zn-Pb-Ag deposit is the only base metal skarn in this belt. The Ruwai skarn deposit is one of the few Zn-Pb skarn deposits in Indonesia, along with Tuboh in Sumatra and Gunung Malang in Java (Setijadji et al, 2006;Van Leeuwen, 2018;Xu et al, 2019), and is considered as one of the biggest base metal skarn deposits in the country, with a recent estimation by Mining One Pty Ltd. indicating total resource of up to 14.43 Mt at 4.94% Zn; 3.28% Pb; 108.11 g/t Ag (Hutchin, 2018). Thus, recognizing the characteristics of Ruwai is critically important as a guide for future exploration.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Element mobility during formation of the Ruwai Zn‐Pb‐Ag skarn deposit, Central Borneo, Indonesia

et al. 2022

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The Ruwai deposit is Indonesia's largest Zn‐Pb‐Ag skarn deposit and is located in Lamandau district, Central Borneo, within the Central Borneo metallogenic belt. This skarn deposit consists of four main zones, namely Gojo, Karim, Ruwai, and Southwest Gossan Zones. The skarn orebodies are mostly hosted by limestone of the Jurassic Ketapang Complex where quartz diorite of the Cretaceous Sukadana Granitoid is the ore‐causative intrusion. Despite the several mineralogical studies carried out in this deposit, there is still a lack of knowledge of its geochemical characteristics. This study evaluates the element mobility during skarn formation on the basis of skarn and ore mineralogy combined with lithogeochemical data of the intrusions, sedimentary wall rocks, and skarn bodies. The skarn mineralogy of the Ruwai skarn complex can be divided into prograde, retrograde and supergene stages. The prograde stage is characterized by the formation of an anhydrous assemblage of garnet‐pyroxene, while the retrograde stage features the replacement of prograde minerals by predominant epidote‐chlorite‐actinolite. The mineralization was first introduced during the late prograde stage, while the formation of massive orebodies attributed to the retrograde stage. The skarn samples show a wide range of major element contents, but both the mineralized skarn and massive orebodies show similar trace and rare‐earth elements patterns in global Phanerozoic limestone‐ and upper crust sedimentary rocks‐normalized spider diagrams. The skarn and orebodies, as well as the metalimestone in this study area, are depleted in REE, although HREE are higher than LREE. Most metals (e.g., Zn, Pb, Ag, Cu, Fe) in skarn and associated orebodies, interpreted to be predominantly magmatic‐sourced, show co‐occurring enrichment or depletion relative to the metalimestone and intrusive rocks. The isocon analysis shows that there was significant mass loss as a consequence of significant volatile loss, such as CO2, during skarn formation. Major oxides and large ion lithophile elements mostly behaved as mobile elements during skarn formation, whereas rare‐earth and high field strength elements tended to be immobile. However, the occurrence of several HFSE‐ and REE‐bearing minerals in Ruwai deposit (i.e., zircon, thorite, cerite, cerianite, monazite, allanite), suggesting minor or local mobility of these elements. Such unexpected behavior can be justified by the occurrence of fluorine‐rich hydrothermal fluid, which could have been responsible for the increasing mobility of these elements.

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Mineralogy, fluid inclusions, and S–Pb isotope geochemistry study of the Tuboh Pb–Zn–Ag polymetallic deposit, Lubuklinggau, Sumatra, Indonesia

Cited by 8 publications

References 53 publications

Genesis of HarizhaAg–Pb–Zndeposit in the eastern Kunlun Orogen,NWChina: Evidence of fluid inclusions andC–H–O–S–Pbisotopes

Genesis of HarizhaAg–Pb–Zndeposit in the eastern Kunlun Orogen,NWChina: Evidence of fluid inclusions andC–H–O–S–Pbisotopes

Porphyry and skarn Cu prospectivity of Sumatra with GIS spatial modelling techniques

Element mobility during formation of the Ruwai Zn‐Pb‐Ag skarn deposit, Central Borneo, Indonesia

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