Mini-Review of the Importance of Hydrazides and Their Derivatives—Synthesis and Biological Activity

Abstract

Organic acid hydrazides include a vast group of organic derivatives of hydrazines containing the active functional group (-C(=O)NHNH2). Acid hydrazones were important bidentate ligands and show keto-enol (amido-iminol) tautomerism. They usually exist in keto form in the solid-state while in equilibrium between keto and enol forms in solution state. Such hydrazones were synthesized in the laboratory by heating substituted hydrazides or hydrazines with corresponding aldehydes or ketones in different organic solvents such as ethanol, methanol, butanol, tetrahydrofuran, etc., and some cases with the ethanol-glacial acetic acid or acetic acid alone. Hydrozones are very important intermediates for the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds and also have different biological activities. The organic chemist would have more interest in the synthesis of acid hydrazides and their derivatives because of their properties. These derivatives having wide applications as chemical preservers for plants, drugs, for manufacturing polymers, glues, etc., in industry and many other purposes. These acid hydrazides and their derivatives were found to be useful synthons for various heterocyclic five, six or seven-membered rings with one or more heteroatoms that were exhibited great biological, pharmacological and industrial applications. This paper will present a review of the chemistry and pharmacological potentials of hydrazide-hydrazones. The various synthetic routes for hydrazone, as well as antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral potentials, have been elaborated in brief.

Design, Synthesis and In vitro COX Inhibitory Profiles of A New Series of Tetrazole-based Hydrazones

“…Hydrazides-hydrazones are not only useful intermediates for the synthesis of various heterocyclic compounds but also frequently occurring motifs in drug molecules [13][14][15][16] due to their diverse pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antidepressant, anticonvulsant, antitumor, antimycobacterial, and antimalarial activities [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. In particular, the anti-inflammatory potency of hydrazones is well-documented and some of them exert their action through the inhibition of COXs [17][18][19][20][21].…”

Quorum Quenchers from Reynoutria japonica in the Battle against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

“…Antibiotic resistance has created an alarming situation in the health sector globally and antibiotic-resistant pathogens are often described as “superbugs” [ 1 ]. Repeated and uncontrolled use of antibiotics to target DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis exerts bacteriostatic or bactericidal effects on multiple targets, resulting in strong selective pressure on bacterial communities which subsequently gives rise to bacterial strains resistant to those antibiotics.…”

Greener Synthesis, In-Silico and Theoretical Analysis of Hydrazides as Potential Antituberculosis Agents (Part 1)

“…Considering the stronger antimicrobial potentials of Hydrazide-hydrazones having the azomethine group (-NH-N=CH-), we decided to synthesize newer hydrazides using a greener catalyst, Chitosan hydrochloride, and theoretically tested (3a-3j) for their antimicrobial potentials using several computational approaches [5]. These attempts would also enlighten us on the probable anti-TB mechanisms of previously (in vitro) tested hydrazides [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] (Figure 1). Moreover, recently, our group has also reported anti-TB potentials of a variety of potent Hydrazide-hydrazone derivatives.…”