Miniature all-fiber devices based on CO_2 laser microstructuring of tapered fibers

Kakarantzas, G.; Dimmick, T.E.; Birks, T. A.; Roux, R.; Russell, P. St. J.

doi:10.1364/ol.26.001137

Cited by 135 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…͑3͒ Microtaper-based LPFGs were also fabricated by means of tapering periodically a conventional glass fiber with a focused CO 2 laser beam. 19,[68][69][70] Negative temperature coefficient of the resonant wavelength was observed in the microtaper-based LPFGs. 68 Apart from conventional single mode fibers ͑SMFs͒, there have been a number of studies on CO 2 -laser writing of LPFGs in boron-doped fibers.…”

Section: A To Write Lpfgs In Conventional Glass Fibersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5-15 Since Hill et al 1 and Vengsarkar et al 5 wrote the first FBG and LPFG in conventional glass fibers in 1978 and 1996, respectively, the fabrications and applications of in-fiber gratings have achieved rapid developments. Various fabrication methods, such as ultraviolet ͑UV͒ laser exposure, 5-15 CO 2 laser irradiation, [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] electricarc discharge, [30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37] femtosecond laser exposure, [38][39][40][41][42][43] mechanical microbends, [44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51] etched corrugations, [52][53][54][55][56][57] and ion beam implantation, [58][59][60] have been demonstrated to write LPFGs in different types of optical fibers. Numerous LPFGbased devices have ...…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Compared with the UV-laser exposure technique, the CO 2 laser irradiation technique is much more flexible and low cost because no photosensitivity and any other pretreated process are re-quired to write a grating in the glass fibers. [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] Moreover, the CO 2 laser irradiation process can be controlled to generate complicated grating profiles via the well-known point-topoint technique without any expensive masks. This technique could be, hence, used to write LPFGs in almost all types of fibers including pure-silica photonic crystal fibers ͑PCFs͒.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Review of long period fiber gratings written by CO2 laser

Wang

2010

Journal of Applied Physics

222

134

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This paper presents a systematic review of long period fiber gratings (LPFGs) written by the CO2 laser irradiation technique. First, various fabrication techniques based on CO2 laser irradiations are demonstrated to write LPFGs in different types of optical fibers such as conventional glass fibers, solid-core photonic crystal fibers, and air-core photonic bandgap fibers. Second, possible mechanisms, e.g., residual stress relaxation, glass structure changes, and physical deformation, of refractive index modulations in the CO2-laser-induced LPFGs are analyzed. Third, asymmetrical mode coupling, resulting from single-side laser irradiation, is discussed to understand unique optical properties of the CO2-laser-induced LPFGs. Fourthly, several pretreament and post-treatment techniques are proposed to enhance the efficiency of grating fabrications. Fifthly, sensing applications of the CO2-laser-induced LPFGs are investigated to develop various LPFG-based temperature, strain, bend, torsion, pressure, and biochemical sensors. Finally, communication applications of the CO2-laser-induced LPFGs are investigated to develop various LPFG-based band-rejection filters, gain equalizers, polarizers, and couplers.

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Section: A To Write Lpfgs In Conventional Glass Fibersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Review of long period fiber gratings written by CO2 laser

Wang

2010

Journal of Applied Physics

222

134

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“…Here, we present measurements of so-called silica bottle resonators [26,27], shown in Figure 1, which have ellipsoidal shapes and exhibit optical whispering gallery modes (WGM) in the infrared and visible range, a simulation of which is shown in Figure 1(b). They are interesting structures for their high optical quality factors (Q o up to 10 8 ) and the tunability of their mode structure [27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optomechanics and thermometry of cryogenic silica microresonators

et al. 2016

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We present measurements of silica optomechanical resonators, known as bottle resonators, passively cooled in a cryogenic environment. These devices possess a suite of properties that make them advantageous for preparation and measurement in the mechanical ground state, including high mechanical frequency, high optical and mechanical quality factors, and optomechanical sideband resolution. Performing thermometry of the mechanical motion, we find that the optical and mechanical modes demonstrate quantitatively similar laser-induced heating, limiting the lowest average phonon occupation observed to just ∼1500. Thermalization to the 9 mK thermal bath would facilitate quantum measurements on these promising nanogram-scale mechanical resonators.

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“…20 The resonator has a midsection diameter of 12 m and length of approximately 300 m. Shorter bottle resonators are limited by the size of the hot spot. Kakarantzas et al 24 describe a bottle resonator 160 m long with a diameter of 16 m. The fabrication begins with tapering of the fiber down to a waist diameter of 10-20 m, as described already. Each microtapered section on either side of the resonator is produced by pulling the taper at a speed of 10 m " s for a length of about 0.2 mm while keeping the hot spot stationary.…”

Section: -3mentioning

confidence: 99%

Heat-and-pull rig for fiber taper fabrication

Ward

O’Shea

Shortt

et al. 2006

Review of Scientific Instruments

142

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We describe a reproducible method of fabricating adiabatic tapers with 3 -4 m diameter. The method is based on a heat-and-pull rig, whereby a CO 2 laser is continuously scanned across a length of fiber that is being pulled synchronously. Our system relies on a CO 2 mirror mounted on a geared stepper motor in order to scan the laser beam across the taper region. We show that this system offers a reliable alternative to more traditional rigs incorporating galvanometer scanners. We have routinely obtained transmission losses between 0.1 and 0.3 dB indicating the satisfactory production of adiabatic tapers. The operation of the rig is described in detail and an analysis on the produced tapers is provided. The flexibility of the rig is demonstrated by fabricating prolate dielectric microresonators using a microtapering technique. Such a rig is of interest to a range of fields that require tapered fiber fabrication such as microcavity-taper coupling, atom guiding along a tapered fiber, optical fiber sensing, and the fabrication of fused biconical tapered couplers.

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Miniature all-fiber devices based on CO_2 laser microstructuring of tapered fibers

Cited by 135 publications

References 17 publications

Review of long period fiber gratings written by CO2 laser

Review of long period fiber gratings written by CO2 laser

Optomechanics and thermometry of cryogenic silica microresonators

Heat-and-pull rig for fiber taper fabrication

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