Miniaturised microstrip patch design based on highly capacitive defected ground structure with fractal boundary for X‐band microwave communications

Abstract

This article proposes a new class of miniaturised microstrip patch design for wireless communications at 10 GHz. Antenna miniaturisation is achieved here by loading a highly capacitive modified Minkowski fractal (type‐2) defected ground structure (MFDGS‐II) exactly beneath the center of the radiating patch. The proposed methodology involves sensitivity analysis to select best DGS configuration. The resonant frequency corresponding to the patch is reduced from 16.832 GHz to 10 GHz incorporating MFDGS‐II without any change in the physical size of the antenna. This enables a patch size reduction of as high as 68% and an overall volumetric reduction of 84% along with an improvement in bandwidth and efficiency of the antenna. A prototype of the proposed antenna is fabricated, and its performance parameters are measured. An equivalent transmission‐line model is presented to explain the theoretical background behind the shift in the resonant frequency of the antenna. Our antenna prototype with a lower patch size of 0.20λ0 × 0.15λ0, exhibits an impedance bandwidth of 270 MHz, a realised gain of 3.2 dBi with radiation efficiency of 98% centered at 10 GHz. The proposed compact antenna has the potential to meet the practical requirements for portable X‐band wireless sensor applications.

Complementary Sierpinski Knopp fractal antenna for emergency management system

“…The antennas stated in [11, 15, 16, 20] have compact size but the bandwidth of those antennas is less than the proposed CSK fractal antenna. In [19], an antenna has four resonant frequencies, which is higher than the proposed antenna but the size is larger and gain is not reported.…”

“…In recent days, several antennas are developed based on the fractalizing techniques which include Koch snowflake fractal [9], Sierpinski fractal [10][11][12], periwinkle flower-shaped fractal [13], "X" shaped fractal [14], Minkowski curve [15,16], and spidron fractal [17] for various wireless applications. However, to the best of the authors' knowledge, a limited number of antennas is reported by the researcher for emergency management.…”

Bandwidth Enhancement of Cross-Shaped Fractal Antenna Using Lanthanum Doped Ba-Sr Hexagonal Ferrite As Substrate Material For X-Band Applications

“…Fractal structures are preferred because of their main properties such as selfcorrelated, space-lling, and fractional ratios. Thus, fractal antennas are more bene cial over conventional microstrip patch antennas because they provide multiband/broadband behavior along with size miniaturization [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13].…”

“…Depending upon the literature survey prepared in this concern; it is perceived that there are many shapes of fractal structures that are used in antenna designs such as Koch snow ake, Sierpinski carpet, Sierpinski gasket, Minkowski fractals, Moore, and Hilbert curve along with some different shapes over a period of time [7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. In addition, various researchers have presented some ideas related to cross, plusshape, and Chaucer shape fractal antennas due to their simple geometries.…”

Simulation-Driven Antenna Modeling by Means of Response Features and Confined Domains of Reduced Dimensionality

“…These areas comprise, among others, wireless communications [1] (including 5G technology [2]), internet of things (IoT) [3], [4], wearable [5] or tele-medicine appliances [6]. Design of antennas for these applications requires maintaining small physical dimensions [7], [8], which makes the task even more challenging. From the utility perspective, contemporary antenna structures have to fulfill various demands, including multi-band or MIMO operation [9], [10], polarization/pattern diversity [11], [12] or harmonic suppression [13].…”