Miniaturization of Liquid-Liquid extraction; the barriers and the enablers

Kannouma, Reham E.; Hammad, Mohamed A.; Kamal, Amira H.; Mansour, Fotouh R.

doi:10.1016/j.microc.2022.107863

Cited by 49 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 227 publications

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“…In order to overcome the problem of using a high volume of organic solvents, several miniaturized liquid-extraction techniques have been developed such as liquid-liquid microextraction and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction. [73][74][75] The main advantage of liquid-liquid microextraction (m-LLE) is that it does not require special equipment, while the main disadvantage is that its extraction efficiency is lower than conventional liquid extraction. In the dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method, a mixture of two solvents (extraction solvent and disperser) is injected by syringe into the aqueous sample.…”

Section: Liquid Extraction (Le)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analytical methods for the analysis of volatile natural products

2023

Nat. Prod. Rep.

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Section: Liquid Extraction (Le)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The selectivity of the separation will be determined by the type of sorbent and eluent employed. 73,74 The choice of the sorbent depends on the nature of the analyte, of the matrix, and of the possible interferents. Of particular importance are the silica and polymeric sorbents, such as styrene-divinylbenzene copolymers.…”

Section: Solid-phase Extraction (Spe)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Analytical methods for the analysis of volatile natural products

2023

Nat. Prod. Rep.

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“…Additional details, including fundamentals and extensive classifications, can be found in recent reviews [474][475][476]. Among other clever approaches, it is worth mentioning the possibility to use the capillary to add solvents and mix the sample to determine tyrosine kinase inhibitors in plasma [384], additional uses of droplet extraction [477], including single bubble in-tube microextraction [478], and the use of alternative solvents [479] such as deep eutectic solvents [480] or ionic liquids [481].…”

Section: Passive Sample Pretreatment Stepsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strategies for capillary electrophoresis: Method development and validation for pharmaceutical and biological applications—Updated and completely revised edition

et al. 2023

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This review is in support of the development of selective, precise, fast, and validated capillary electrophoresis (CE) methods. It follows up a similar article from 1998, Wätzig H, Degenhardt M, Kunkel A. “Strategies for capillary electrophoresis: method development and validation for pharmaceutical and biological applications,” pointing out which fundamentals are still valid and at the same time showing the enormous achievements in the last 25 years. The structures of both reviews are widely similar, in order to facilitate their simultaneous use. Focusing on pharmaceutical and biological applications, the successful use of CE is now demonstrated by more than 600 carefully selected references. Many of those are recent reviews; therefore, a significant overview about the field is provided. There are extra sections about sample pretreatment related to CE and microchip CE, and a completely revised section about method development for protein analytes and biomolecules in general. The general strategies for method development are summed up with regard to selectivity, efficiency, precision, analysis time, limit of detection, sample pretreatment requirements, and validation.

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“…Aligned with the principles of sustainability and green chemistry, liquid microextraction-based methods have arisen as a promising alternative for an efficient sample cleanup and/or analyte preconcentration. They have been mostly applied to organic compounds and, in less extension, to the separation of metal species [ 4 , 5 , 6 ]. Nonetheless, their implementation as routine methods in analytical laboratories has not been fully achieved, so further study and development is needed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this case, both extraction and re-extraction are done in a single step. Although a variety of approaches may be found, three methodologies can be distinguished: Single drop liquid-phase microextraction (SDME), dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) and hollow fibre liquid-phase microextraction (HF-LPME) [ 6 , 28 ]. The application of these systems to the determination of cadmium in environmental waters has also been reviewed [ 29 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Green Method for the Determination of Cadmium in Natural Waters Based on Multi-Fibre Supported Liquid Membranes

2023

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Supported liquid membranes have been used to implement a hollow fibre liquid-phase microextraction (HF-LPME) method for the preconcentration of Cd(II) in natural waters as a sample preparation step for its determination by high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-GFAAS). This system was designed to use four hollow fibres simultaneously with the same sample, thus improving the simplicity, speed and reproducibility of the results. The organic liquid membrane bis-(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) phosphinic acid (Cyanex® 272) dissolved in dihexylether (DHE) was immobilised into the pores of the walls of polypropylene hollow fibres. After extraction, the cadmium-enriched acidic phases were recovered and analysed by triplicate. To optimise the extraction process, the effect of both physical and chemical variables was studied, and optimum results with an enrichment factor (EF) of 292 were obtained for a fibre length of 6 cm, 1.06 M Cyanex 272, 0.04 M HNO3, stirring rate of 600 rpm and an extraction time of 4.26 h. For practical applications, extraction time was reduced to 2 h, keeping the EF as high as 130. Under these conditions, a detection limit of 0.13 ng L−1 Cd(II) was obtained, with a reproducibility of 3.3 % and a linear range up to 3 µg L−1 being achieved. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of cadmium in mineral, tap and seawater samples.

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Miniaturization of Liquid-Liquid extraction; the barriers and the enablers

Cited by 49 publications

References 227 publications

Analytical methods for the analysis of volatile natural products

Analytical methods for the analysis of volatile natural products

Strategies for capillary electrophoresis: Method development and validation for pharmaceutical and biological applications—Updated and completely revised edition

A Green Method for the Determination of Cadmium in Natural Waters Based on Multi-Fibre Supported Liquid Membranes

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