Miniaturized polymeric enzymatic biofuel cell with integrated microfluidic device and enhanced laser ablated bioelectrodes

S, Jayapiriya U.; Rewatkar, Prakash; Goel, Sanket

doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.06.133

Cited by 42 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Once again, capacitive current drain was observed, and as the syringe pump continued to flow perspiration through the device (visually confirmed by observation of a growing droplet at the exit channel of the microfluidics), a relative plateau was reached. The current value (μA) was slightly elevated from the plateau observed in the stirred beaker testing most likely due to the enhanced mass transport of target analyte to the biosensor surface due to the forced convection created by the microfluidic . Once the sensor was loaded and fluid was observed to flow through the device, the syringe was exchanged for 1 mM glucose spiked artificial perspiration, and flow was continued at the same rate.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The current value (μA) was slightly elevated from the plateau observed in the stirred beaker testing most likely due to the enhanced mass transport of target analyte to the biosensor surface due to the forced convection created by the microfluidic. 45 Once the sensor was loaded and fluid was observed to flow through the device, the syringe was exchanged for 1 mM glucose spiked artificial perspiration, and flow was continued at the same rate. Therefore, an increase in current was expected once the glucose-free fluid inside the sensing chamber of the microfluidic patch was replaced with glucose rich fluid (glucose concentration of 1 mM) (Figure 4E).…”

Section: Potmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Wearable Flexible Perspiration Biosensors Using Laser-Induced Graphene and Polymeric Tape Microfluidics

Garland,

Schmieder,

Johnson

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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Wearable biosensors promise real-time measurements of chemicals in human sweat, with the potential for dramatic improvements in medical diagnostics and athletic performance through continuous metabolite and electrolyte monitoring. However, sweat sensing is still in its infancy, and questions remain about whether sweat can be used for medical purposes. Wearable sensors are focused on proof-of-concept designs that are not scalable for multisubject trials, which could elucidate the utility of sweat sensing for health monitoring. Moreover, many wearable sensors do not include the microfluidics necessary to protect and channel consistent and clean sweat volumes to the sensor surface or are not designed to be disposable to prevent sensor biofouling and inaccuracies due to repeated use. Hence, there is a need to produce low-cost and single-use wearable sensors with integrated microfluidics to ensure reliable sweat sensing. Herein, we demonstrate the convergence of laser-induced graphene (LIG) based sensors with soft tape polymeric microfluidics to quantify both sweat metabolites (glucose and lactate) and electrolytes (sodium) for potential hydration and fatigue monitoring. Distinct LIG-electrodes were functionalized with glucose oxidase and lactate oxidase for selective sensing of glucose and lactate across physiological ranges found in sweat with sensitivities of 26.2 and 2.47 × 10–3 μA mM–1 cm–2, detection limits of 8 and 220 μM, and linear response ranges of 0–1 mM and 0–32 mM, respectively. LIG-electrodes functionalized with a sodium-ion-selective membrane displayed Nernstian sensitivity of 58.8 mV decade−1 and a linear response over the physiological range in sweat (10–100 mM). The sensors were tested in a simulated sweating skin microfluidic system and on-body during cycling tests in a multisubject trial. Results demonstrate the utility of LIG integrated with microfluidics for real-time, continuous measurements of biological analytes in sweat and help pave the way for the development of personalized wearable diagnostic tools.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Potmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wearable Flexible Perspiration Biosensors Using Laser-Induced Graphene and Polymeric Tape Microfluidics

Garland,

Schmieder,

Johnson

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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“…The optimum parameters for bioelectrodes and their biocatalytic activity were characterized using electrochemical techniques. The enzyme immobilization and crosslinking procedures were adopted from our previously published work to prepare bioelectrodes [20]. In brief, bioanode and biocathode were prepared by drop-casting 10 µl of glucose oxidase (4 mg ml -1 ) and laccase (4 mg ml -1 ) respectively, on the MWCNT electrode surface.…”

Section: Bioelectrode Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several techniques were used to fabricate portable miniaturized microfluidic devices, such as photolithography, soft-lithography [20], paper-based [21,22], xurography [23] and laser micromachining [24,25]. Despite their uniqueness and benefits, the development and implementtation of microfluidic fuel cells have not been utilized for portable electronic applications until now.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Single microfluidic fuel cell with three fuels – formic acid, glucose and microbes: A comparative performance investigation

Rao

Rewatkar

Khan

et al. 2021

J. Electrochem. Sci. Eng.

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The development of microfluidic and nanofluidic devices is gaining remarkable attention due to the emphasis put on miniaturization of conventional energy conversion and storage processes. A microfluidic fuel cell can integrate flow of electrolytes, electrode-electrolyte interactions, and power generation in a microfluidic channel. Such microfluidic fuel cells can be categorized on the basis of electrolytes and catalysts used for power generation. In this work, for the first time, a single microfluidic fuel cell was harnessed by using different fuels like glucose, microbes and formic acid. Herein, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) acted as electrode material, and performance investigations were carried out separately on the same microfluidic device for three different types of fuel cells (formic acid, microbial and enzymatic). The fabricated miniaturized microfluidic device was successfully used to harvest energy in microwatts from formic acid, microbes and glucose, without any metallic catalyst. The developed microfluidic fuel cells can maintain stable open-circuit voltage, which can be used for energizing various low-power portable devices or applications.

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“…As one of the most common lasers, carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) laser has been widely used in food, medicine, machinery and electronics, aerospace, and other fields with the characteristics of low-cost, simple operation, and high photothermal conversion efficiency. − The interaction between CO 2 laser and materials is mainly manifested as the thermal effect, which can be used in the surface treatment, cutting, patterning, and perforation of materials. − Recently, laser direct writing (LDW) as new technology has been widely used for the surface patterning of metals, ceramics, plastics, and other materials. LDW exhibits great potential in designing patterns, especially for polymers, in that the high-energy laser beam irradiates the materials to generate instantaneous high temperature, leaving permanent patterns on the polymers’ surface by carbonization, discoloration, vaporization, or foaming. − Typical applications are to make logos, images, texts, two-dimensional codes, or barcodes to ensure the identification and traceability of various commodities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Achieving Rewritable Fluorescent Patterning on Dye-Doped Polymers Using Programmable Laser Direct Writing

Peng

Chen

et al. 2022

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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There is an urgent need to broaden the new horizons of laser direct writing (LDW). Herein, the programmable rewritable laser fluorescent patterning on polymers was realized by doping dyes and CO 2 laser LDW for the first time. The prepared fluorescent patterns had high brightness and high precision under 365 nm UV light. Importantly, the designed patterns could repeatedly be rewritten using CO 2 laser. A series of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) doped with quinacridone (DClQA) dye were prepared to perform CO 2 laser LDW and characterizations. Attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy revealed no generation of new compounds after LDW. Thermogravimetric analysis−Fourier transform infrared−gas chromatography−mass spectroscopy (TGA-FTIR-GC-MS) indicated that the samples could be decomposed into complex products at high temperatures, and it also revealed no generation of any fluorescent substances. We confirmed the mechanism of the laser-induced fluorescence is that the dissociated DClQA molecules caused by the CO 2 laser are more inclined to form hydrogen bonds with PMMA macromolecules, so that they cannot be restacked and recrystallized, leading to the disappearance of the intrinsic fluorescence quenching phenomenon of DClQA; thus, the fluorescence is naturally emitted. Benefiting from high precision, rewritable, and programmability, laser fluorescent patterning will have good application prospects in the field of polymer products anticounterfeiting.

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Miniaturized polymeric enzymatic biofuel cell with integrated microfluidic device and enhanced laser ablated bioelectrodes

Cited by 42 publications

References 44 publications

Wearable Flexible Perspiration Biosensors Using Laser-Induced Graphene and Polymeric Tape Microfluidics

Wearable Flexible Perspiration Biosensors Using Laser-Induced Graphene and Polymeric Tape Microfluidics

Single microfluidic fuel cell with three fuels – formic acid, glucose and microbes: A comparative performance investigation

Achieving Rewritable Fluorescent Patterning on Dye-Doped Polymers Using Programmable Laser Direct Writing

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