The current standard of care for resectable rectal cancers is total mesorectal excision (TME), which is usually performed open or laparoscopically, however, both techniques are associated with high morbidity and mortality.• Transanal endoscopic surgery (TES) is appropriate for benign rectal lesions and low-risk T1 tumors (Sm1; well differentiated; no lymphovascular or perineural invasion, and no tumor budding; <3 cm in size; <30% bowel circumference; and anticipated 3-mm clear margin).• Promising data support the use of neoadjuvant chemoradiation in making more lesions amenable to TES.• TES could potentially become favored over more radical surgery for preoperatively staged T2 tumors after neoadjuvant treatment.• Criteria for 'watch-and-wait' approaches are in flux because TES may have a role as a macrobiopsy for determining postneoadjuvant therapy T-stage, since long-term oncologic outcomes for TES are more related to ypT-stage rather than pretreatment T-stage.• Increasing data support transanal natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) TME as an acceptable alternative to open and laparoscopic TME, with regards to oncologic and functional outcomes.• Treatment paradigms including transanal NOTES to perform sentinel-node biopsies may provide more accurate staging, and potentially eliminate the need for TME in some cases.• Transanal NOTES TME should only be performed in carefully selected patients by surgeons with extensive experience with TES, laparoscopic TME and intersphincteric resection.SUMMARY The morbidity associated with radical surgery for rectal cancer has launched a revolution in increasingly less-invasive methods of resection, including a recent resurgence in transanal endoscopic surgical approaches. The next evolution in transanal surgery for rectal cancer is natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES). To date, 14 series of transanal NOTES total mesorectal excision (TME) for rectal cancer have been published (n = 76).For reprint orders, please contact: reprints@futuremedicine.com