In this study we evaluate limited lead sets for the reconstruction of 12-lead ECGs and Body Surface Potential Maps (BSPMs). For 12-lead ECG reconstruction, we focused on four available limited lead systems (V 2 , V 1 V 5 , V 1 V 6 , V 2 V 5 ) to derive the standard 12-lead ECG and the EASI lead system as an alternative to the existing 12-lead ECG. We used a data set of 44 continuous 16-lead balloon inflation ECG registrations during percutaneous coronary interventions. For reconstruction of BSPMs an optimal lead selection algorithm was applied to a set of 744 BSPMs, consisting of recordings from subjects with myocardial infarction, left ventricular hypertrophy, and no apparent disease.Median Root Mean Square (RMS) error for 12-lead ECG reconstruction were in decreasing order: V 1 V 6 : 165 µV, V2 131 µV, V1V5: 124 µV, EASI: 96 µV, and V2V5: 87 µV. In the BSPM reconstruction experiments, it was shown that by repositioning the six precordial leads the RMS error decreased from 35.4 µV to 26.7 µV.In summary, the results from this study have indicated that limited lead systems offer potential in all forms of cardiac monitoring and assessment, but certain lead sets show higher reconstruction errors.
IntroductionElectrocardiograms (ECGs) measured from numerous sites on the body can provide a comprehensive representation of the underlying cardiac activity. Well-known standard configurations are the 12-lead ECG used for routine cardiac diagnosis and body surface potential maps (BPSMs) used to measure the full electrical activity on the body surface. These 12-lead and BSPM configurations contain redundant information and in the past various strategies based on limited or alternative lead sets have been proposed [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the use of limited leads for reconstruction of the 12-lead ECG and BSPMs.
Methods
12-lead ECG reconstructionFor the evaluation of the 12-lead ECG reconstruction from a limited set of leads, we focused on five available limited lead systems [2,3,4,5,6] as presented in Table 1. For the reconstruction coefficients that were not publicly disclosed, coefficients were calculated from a learning set of 2372 10-second ECG recordings [3]. We used EASI coefficients corrected for the proximal placement of the limb electrodes [8]. The five limited lead systems were evaluated on a separate data set of 44 continuous 16-lead ECG recordings obtained from patients undergoing a percutaneous coronary intervention at the Durham VA Medical Center (Durham, NC, USA). Informed consent was obtained from each patient. A total of 14 radiolucent electrodes were attached to each patient to allow simultaneous registration of the 12-lead and EASI ECG. Limb electrodes were placed on the Mason-Likar landmarks [8] and the six electrodes (V 1 -V 6 ) were placed at the conventional precordial lead locations. The remaining four electrodes were placed at the EASI electrode locations.For each recording, a 10-second, 16-lead ECG was marked at balloon inflation and extracted for further ana...