Minimal response levels for visual reinforcement audiometry in infants: Niveles mínimos de respuesta en la audiometría por reforzamiento visual en niños

Parry, G; Hacking, C.; Bamford, John; J, Day

doi:10.3109/14992020309080050

Cited by 26 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The four frequency threshold average for the tone-bursts (0.5-4.0 kHz) was 28 dBA SPL when based upon a d’ criterion of 1.0. There were no significant differences in infant threshold as a function of frequency found in the present study, although Olsho et al (1988) and Parry et al (2003) found elevated thresholds at 0.5 kHz in comparison to those at 1.0, 2.0 or 4.0 kHz. The Parry et al thresholds, when converted to dB SPL for insert phones in an occluded (adult) ear canal, were 26, 19, 19, and 22 dB SPL for 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4 kHz, respectively, or a 4-frequency average of 21.5 dB SPL.…”

Section: Discussion Of Experiments IIcontrasting

confidence: 89%

Dynamics of infant cortical auditory evoked potentials (CAEPs) for tone and speech tokens

Cone

Whitaker

2013

International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology

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Objectives Cortical auditory evoked potentials (CAEPs) to tones and speech sounds were obtained in infants to: 1) further knowledge of auditory development above the level of the brainstem during the first year of life; 2) establish CAEP input-output functions for tonal and speech stimuli as a function of stimulus level and to 3) elaborate the data-base that establishes CAEP in infants tested while awake using clinically relevant stimuli, thus providing methodology that would have translation to pediatric audiological assessment. Hypotheses concerning CAEP development were that the latency and amplitude input-output functions would reflect immaturity in encoding stimulus level. In a second experiment, infants were tested with the same stimuli used to evoke the CAEPs. Thresholds for these stimuli were determined using observer-based psychophysical techniques. The hypothesis was that the behavioral thresholds would be correlated with CAEP input-output functions because of shared cortical response areas known to be active in sound detection. Design 36 infants, between the ages of 4-12 months (mean= 8 months, s.d.=1.8 months) and 9 young adults (mean age 21 years) with normal hearing were tested. First, CAEPs amplitude and latency input-output functions were obtained for 4 tone bursts and 7 speech tokens. The tone bursts stimuli were 50 ms tokens of pure tones at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 kHz. The speech sound tokens, /a/, /i/, /o/, /u/, /m/, /s/, and /∫/, were created from natural speech samples and were also 50 ms in duration. CAEPs were obtained for tone burst and speech token stimuli at 10 dB level decrements in descending order from 70 dB SPL. All CAEP tests were completed while the infants were awake and engaged in quiet play. For the second experiment, observer-based psychophysical methods were used to establish perceptual threshold for the same speech sound and tone tokens. Results Infant CAEP component latencies were prolonged by 100-150 ms in comparison to adults. CAEP latency-intensity input output functions were steeper in infants compared to adults. CAEP amplitude growth functions with respect to stimulus SPL are adult-like at this age, particularly for the earliest component, P1-N1. Infant perceptual thresholds were elevated with respect to those found in adults. Furthermore, perceptual thresholds were higher, on average, than levels at which CAEPs could be obtained. When CAEP amplitudes were plotted with respect to perceptual threshold (dB SL), the infant CAEP amplitude growth slopes were steeper than in adults. Conclusions Although CAEP latencies indicate immaturity in neural transmission at the level of the cortex, amplitude growth with respect to stimulus SPL is adult-like at this age, particularly for the earliest component, P1-N1. The latency and amplitude input-output functions may provide additional information as to how infants perceive stimulus level. The reasons for the discrepancy between electrophysiologic and perceptual threshold may be due to immaturity in perceptual temporal resoluti...

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Section: Discussion Of Experiments IIcontrasting

confidence: 89%

Dynamics of infant cortical auditory evoked potentials (CAEPs) for tone and speech tokens

Cone

Whitaker

2013

International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology

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“…The 71% hit rate and a 21% false alarm rate for the vowel discrimination task is typical of that found in laboratory-based studies of infant perceptual responses using visually-reinforced operant procedures (Parry et al 2003; Hulecki & Small 2011; Casey & Small 2014). These lab-based studies of hearing thresholds for low-risk, typically developing infants have provided valuable age-specific norms for infant thresholds for tones, and also data that speak to the limitations of the method.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

Acoustic Change Complex and Visually Reinforced Infant Speech Discrimination Measures of Vowel Contrast Detection

Cone

Smith

2021

Ear &Amp; Hearing

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Objectives: To measure the effect of stimulus rate and vowel change direction on the acoustic change complex (ACC) latencies and amplitudes and compare ACC metrics to behavioral measures of vowel contrast detection for infants tested under the age of 1 year. We tested the hypothesis that the direction of spectral energy shift from a vowel change would result in differences in the ACC, owing to the sensitivity of cortical neurons to the direction of frequency change. We evaluated the effect of the stimulus rate (1/s versus 2/s) on the infants' ACC. We evaluated the ACC amplitude ratio's sensitivity (proportion of ACCs present for each change trial) and compared it to perceptual responses obtained using a visually reinforced infant speech discrimination paradigm (VRISD). This report provides normative data from infants for the ACC toward the ultimate goal of developing a clinically useful index of neural capacity for vowel discrimination.Design: Twenty-nine infants, nine females, 4.0 to 11.8 months of age, participated. All participants were born at full term and passed their newborn hearing screens. None had risk factors for hearing or neurologic impairment. Cortical auditory evoked potentials were obtained in response to synthesized vowel tokens /a/, /i/, /o/, and /u/ presented at a rate of 1-or 2/s in an oddball stimulus paradigm with a 25% probability of the deviant stimulus. All combinations of vowel tokens were tested at the two rates. The ACC was obtained in response to the deviant stimulus. The infants were also tested for vowel contrast detection using a VRISD paradigm with the same combinations of vowel tokens used for the ACC. The mean age at the time of the ACC test was 5.4 months, while the mean age at the behavioral test was 6.8 months. Results:Variations in ACC amplitude and latency occurred as a function of the initial vowel token and the contrast token. However, the hypothesis that the direction of vowel (spectral) change would result in significantly larger change responses for high-to-low spectral changes was not supported. The contrasts with /a/ as the leading vowel of the contrast pair resulted in the largest ACC amplitudes than other conditions. Significant differences in the ACC presence and amplitude were observed as a function of rate, with 2/s resulting in ACCs with the largest amplitude ratios. Latency effects of vowel contrast and rate were present, but not systematic. The ACC amplitude ratio's sensitivity for detecting a vowel contrast was greater for the 2/s rate than the 1/s rate. For an amplitude ratio criterion of ≥1.5, the sensitivity was 93% for ACC component P2-N2 at 2/s, whereas at 1/s sensitivity was 70%. VRISD tests of vowel-contrast detection had a 71% hit and a 21% false-positive rate. Many infants who could not reach performance criteria for VRISD had ACC amplitude ratios of ≥2.0. Conclusions:The ACC for vowel contrasts presented at a rate of 2/s is a robust index of vowel-contrast detection when obtained in typically developing infants under the age of 1 year. The ACC is p...

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“…The age in months at behavioral evaluation was also included in the model, as previous studies have suggested that behavioral thresholds improve with age (e.g. Parry et al 2003). …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Degree of Hearing Loss on Auditory Brainstem Response Predictions of Behavioral Thresholds

et al. 2015

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Objectives: Diagnosis of hearing loss and prescription of amplification for infants and young children require accurate estimates of ear- and frequency-specific behavioral thresholds based on auditory brainstem response measurements. Although the overall relationship between ABR and behavioral thresholds has been demonstrated, the agreement is imperfect, and the accuracy of predictions of behavioral threshold based on ABR may depend on degree of hearing loss. Behavioral thresholds are lower than ABR thresholds, at least in part due to differences in calibration interacting with the effects of temporal integration, which are manifest in behavioral measurements but not ABR measurements and depend on behavioral threshold. Listeners with sensory hearing loss exhibit reduced or absent temporal integration, which could impact the relationship between ABR and behavioral thresholds as degree of hearing loss increases. The current study evaluated the relationship between ABR and behavioral thresholds in infants and children over a range of hearing thresholds, and tested an approach for adjusting the correction factor based on degree of hearing loss as estimated by ABR measurements. Design: A retrospective review of clinical records was completed for 309 ears of 177 children with hearing thresholds ranging from normal to profound hearing loss and for whom both ABR and behavioral thresholds were available. Children were required to have the same middle-ear status at both evaluations. The relationship between ABR and behavioral thresholds was examined. Factors that potentially could affect the relationship between ABR and behavioral thresholds were analyzed, including degree of hearing loss observed on the ABR, behavioral test method (visual reinforcement, conditioned play or conventional audiometry), the length of time between ABR and behavioral assessments, and clinician-reported reliability of the behavioral assessment. Predictive accuracy of a correction factor based on the difference between ABR and behavioral thresholds as a function of ABR threshold was compared to the predictive accuracy achieved by two other correction approaches in current clinical use. Results: As expected, ABR threshold was a significant predictor of behavioral threshold. The relationship between ABR and behavioral thresholds varied as a function of degree of hearing loss. The test method, length of time between assessments and reported reliability of the behavioral test results were not related to the difference between ABR and behavioral thresholds. A correction factor based on the linear relationship between the differences in ABR and behavioral thresholds as a function of ABR threshold resulted in more accurately predicted behavioral thresholds than other correction factors in clinical use. Conclusions: ABR is a valid predictor of behavioral threshold in infants and children. A correction factor that accounts for the effect of degree of hearing loss on the difference between ABR and behavioral thresholds resulted in more accurate pred...

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Minimal response levels for visual reinforcement audiometry in infants: Niveles mínimos de respuesta en la audiometría por reforzamiento visual en niños

Cited by 26 publications

References 13 publications

Dynamics of infant cortical auditory evoked potentials (CAEPs) for tone and speech tokens

Dynamics of infant cortical auditory evoked potentials (CAEPs) for tone and speech tokens

Acoustic Change Complex and Visually Reinforced Infant Speech Discrimination Measures of Vowel Contrast Detection

The Impact of Degree of Hearing Loss on Auditory Brainstem Response Predictions of Behavioral Thresholds

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