Minimum Human Infectious Dose of Enteric Virus (Echovirus-12) in Drinking Water

Schiff, Gilbert M.; Stefanovic, Gerda M.; Young, Benjamin; Pennekamp, J. K.

doi:10.1159/000409142

Cited by 26 publications

(17 citation statements)

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“…Outbreaks of disease caused by echoviruses demonstrate their ability to cause significant morbidity and mortality world-wide (Hill 1996) especially among infants and children (Arnon et al 1991;Krous et al 1973;Ventura et al 2001). A number of studies reported experimental infection with echoviruses in animals (Pindak and Clapper 1965;Vasilenko et al 1967;Vasilenko and Atsev 1965) and few used human volunteers (Buckland et al 1959;Kasel et al 1965b;Philipson 1958;Saliba et al 1968;Schiff et al 1984b).…”

Section: Echovirusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Minimum Infective Dose of the Major Human Respiratory and Enteric Viruses Transmitted Through Food and the Environment

2011

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Viruses are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. Determining the minimum dose of virus particles that can initiate infection, termed the minimum infective dose (MID), is important for the development of risk assessment models in the fields of food and water treatment and the implementation of appropriate infection control strategies in healthcare settings. Both respiratory and enteric viruses can be shed at high titers from infected individuals even when the infection is asymptomatic. Presence of pre-existing antibodies has been shown to affect the infectious dose and to be protective against reinfection for many, but not all viruses. Most respiratory viruses appear to be as infective in humans as in tissue culture. Doses of \1 TCID 50 of influenza virus, rhinovirus, and adenovirus were reported to infect 50% of the tested population. Similarly, low doses of the enteric viruses, norovirus, rotavirus, echovirus, poliovirus, and hepatitis A virus, caused infection in at least some of the volunteers tested. A number of factors may influence viruses' infectivity in experimentally infected human volunteers. These include host and pathogen factors as well as the experimental methodology. As a result, the reported infective doses of human viruses have to be interpreted with caution.

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Section: Echovirusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Minimum Infective Dose of the Major Human Respiratory and Enteric Viruses Transmitted Through Food and the Environment

2011

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“…Shuval [13] states that swimmers may ingest between 10 and 50 ml of water per bathing period. The significance of low numbers of enteroviruses in water to public health is controversial [1] although it is believed that one enterovirus particle may infect a susceptible person [14].…”

Section: Efficiency Of Virus Recoverymentioning

confidence: 99%

Enteroviruses in recreational waters of Northern Ireland

Hughes

Coyle²,

Connolly³

1992

Epidemiol. Infect.

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SUMMARYVirus surveillance of Northern Ireland recreational waters, between April 1986 and May 1989 demonstrated widespread enteroviral contamination of coastal and inland waters. In 1986, enteroviruses were detected in 4 of 46 (8·7%) water samples, collected from 6 coastal bathing waters. In 1987, 49 of 107 (45·8%) samples, from 16 coastal bathing waters, yielded enteroviruses; 33 of the enterovirus positive samples passed one or both of the coliform standards outlined by the European Economic Community (EEC) bathing water directive (76/160/EEC). Enteroviruses were also detected in 33 of 39 (84·6%) samples tested from 3 inland recreational waters.

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“…In addition to causing acute diseases, they are of public health concern due to their low infectious dose (65). For example, the probability of infection from exposure to one rotavirus is 31%, and no more than 1 PFU is required to cause infection in 1% of healthy adults with no antibody to the virus (135). Haas et al (65) concluded that the risk of infection when consuming viruses in drinking water is 10-to 10,000-fold greater than that for pathogenic bacteria at similar exposures (16,65).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enteric Viruses of Humans and Animals in Aquatic Environments: Health Risks, Detection, and Potential Water Quality Assessment Tools

Fong

Lipp

2005

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

630

450

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Waterborne enteric viruses threaten both human and animal health. These pathogens are host specific and cause a wide range of diseases and symptoms in humans or other animals. While considerable research has documented the risk of enteric viruses to human health from contact with contaminated water, the current bacterial indicator-based methods for evaluation of water quality are often ineffectual proxies for pathogenic viruses. Additionally, relatively little work has specifically investigated the risk of waterborne viruses to animal health, and this risk currently is not addressed by routine water quality assessments. Nonetheless, because of their host specificity, enteric viruses can fulfill a unique role both for assessing health risks and as measures of contamination source in a watershed, yet the use of animal, as well as human, host-specific viruses in determining sources of fecal pollution has received little attention. With improved molecular detection assays, viruses from key host groups can be targeted directly using PCR amplification or hybridization with a high level of sensitivity and specificity. A multispecies viral analysis would provide needed information for controlling pollution by source, determining human health risks based on assessments of human virus loading and exposure, and determining potential risks to production animal health and could indicate the potential for the presence of other zoonotic pathogens. While there is a need to better understand the prevalence and environmental distribution of nonhuman enteric viruses, the development of improved methods for specific and sensitive detection will facilitate the use of these microbes for library-independent source tracking and water quality assessment tools

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Minimum Human Infectious Dose of Enteric Virus (Echovirus-12) in Drinking Water

Cited by 26 publications

References 0 publications

Minimum Infective Dose of the Major Human Respiratory and Enteric Viruses Transmitted Through Food and the Environment

Minimum Infective Dose of the Major Human Respiratory and Enteric Viruses Transmitted Through Food and the Environment

Enteroviruses in recreational waters of Northern Ireland

Enteric Viruses of Humans and Animals in Aquatic Environments: Health Risks, Detection, and Potential Water Quality Assessment Tools

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