Minimum Infective Dose of a Lumpy Skin Disease Virus Field Strain from North Macedonia

Wolff, J. W.; Krstevski, Kiril; Beer, Martin

doi:10.3390/v12070768

Cited by 19 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Moreover, two different adjuvants (the same low molecular weight copolymer adjuvant as used in the first trial (Adjuvant A), and a proprietary adjuvant (Adjuvant B)) were compared as well as two different antigen concentrations (infectious virus titer before inactivation 10 7 and 10 6 CCID 50 /mL, respectively) using Adjuvant B ( Table 1 , Figure 2 ). As shown before [ 55 ], for experimental infection of cattle with LSDV intravenous inoculation is an effective route to cause clinical and in many cases generalized LSD. We determined the minimum infective dose of LSDV-“Macedonia2016“ when inoculated only intravenously in a recent study [ 55 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…For the inactivated vaccine group, suboptimal vaccine conditions should be simulated to gain better insight in protectivity and efficacy of the inactivated vaccine prototype, which is why challenge infection was performed only 2 weeks after secondary immunization. For challenge infection, the virulent LSDV-“Macedonia2016“ field strain [ 55 , 62 ] with a titer of 10 7 CCID 50 /mL on MDBK was inoculated s.c. (1 mL) plus intravenously (i.v.) (3 mL) for challenge infection as described before [ 62 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Body temperature was measured daily from 4 days post vaccination (dpv) until 28 days post challenge (dpc). Here, fever was defined as body temperature >39.5 • C. Additionally, clinical reaction was determined based on a modified and enhanced clinical reaction score system of Carn & Kitching [16,55]. Clinical scoring was performed in a non-blinded manner.…”

Section: Clinical Score After Challenge Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At Day 42 dpv, 2 mL of the virulent LSDV-"Macedonia2016" field strain with a titer of 10 6.6 CCID50/mL were inoculated i.v. for challenge infection ( Figure 2) with regard to recently published results for a robust challenge model of LSDV-"Macedonia2016" field strain [55]. Experimental design of the performed vaccine-efficacy study.…”

Section: Vaccine Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of a Safe and Highly Efficient Inactivated Vaccine Candidate against Lumpy Skin Disease Virus

et al. 2020

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Capripox virus (CaPV)-induced diseases (lumpy skin disease, sheeppox, goatpox) are described as the most serious pox diseases of livestock animals, and therefore are listed as notifiable diseases under guidelines of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). Until now, only live-attenuated vaccines are commercially available for the control of CaPV. Due to numerous potential problems after vaccination (e.g., loss of the disease-free status of the respective country, the possibility of vaccine virus shedding and transmission as well as the risk of recombination with field strains during natural outbreaks), the use of these vaccines must be considered carefully and is not recommended in CaPV-free countries. Therefore, innocuous and efficacious inactivated vaccines against CaPV would provide a great tool for control of these diseases. Unfortunately, most inactivated Capripox vaccines were reported as insufficient and protection seemed to be only short-lived. Nevertheless, a few studies dealing with inactivated vaccines against CaPV are published, giving evidence for good clinical protection against CaPV-infections. In our studies, a low molecular weight copolymer-adjuvanted vaccine formulation was able to induce sterile immunity in the respective animals after severe challenge infection. Our findings strongly support the possibility of useful inactivated vaccines against CaPV-infections, and indicate a marked impact of the chosen adjuvant for the level of protection.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Clinical Score After Challenge Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Vaccine Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Development of a Safe and Highly Efficient Inactivated Vaccine Candidate against Lumpy Skin Disease Virus

et al. 2020

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“…Body temperature was measured daily from −4 dpi until 28 dpi, clinical reaction scores were documented daily from 1 dpi until 28 dpi. Therefore, a modified clinical reaction score system [ 28 ] of Carn and Kitching [ 29 ] was used for evaluation. During necropsy, several organ samples (mandibular lymph node (ln), cervical ln, mediastinal ln, mesenterial ln, tonsil, spleen, liver, lung, heart, kidney, salivary gland, testicles, oral mucosa, thigh muscle, and other conspicuous organs as well as skin nodules of different locations) of experimentally infected and in-contact goats were taken and analyzed regarding the presence of viral genomes.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Infection and Genetic Characterization of Two Different Capripox Virus Isolates in Small Ruminants

Wolff

King

Moritz

et al. 2020

Viruses

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Capripox viruses, with their members “lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV)”, “goatpox virus (GTPV)” and “sheeppox virus (SPPV)”, are described as the most serious pox diseases of production animals. A GTPV isolate and a SPPV isolate were sequenced in a combined approach using nanopore MinION sequencing to obtain long reads and Illumina high throughput sequencing for short precise reads to gain full-length high-quality genome sequences. Concomitantly, sheep and goats were inoculated with SPPV and GTPV strains, respectively. During the animal trial, varying infection routes were compared: a combined intravenous and subcutaneous infection, an only intranasal infection, and the contact infection between naïve and inoculated animals. Sheep inoculated with SPPV showed no clinical signs, only a very small number of genome-positive samples and a low-level antibody reaction. In contrast, all GTPV inoculated or in-contact goats developed severe clinical signs with high viral genome loads observed in all tested matrices. Furthermore, seroconversion was detected in nearly all goats and no differences concerning the severity of the disease depending on the inoculation route were observed. Conclusively, the employed SPPV strain has the properties of an attenuated vaccine strain, consistent with the genetic data, whereas the GTPV strain represents a highly virulent field strain.

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The immune response to lumpy skin disease virus in cattle is influenced by inoculation route

Fay

Wijesiriwardana

Munyanduki

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) causes severe disease in cattle and water buffalo and is transmitted by hematophagous arthropod vectors. Detailed information of the adaptive and innate immune response to LSDV is limited, hampering the development of tools to control the disease. This study provides an in-depth analysis of the immune responses of calves experimentally inoculated with LSDV via either needle-inoculation or arthropod-inoculation using virus-positive Stomoxys calcitrans and Aedes aegypti vectors. Seven out of seventeen needle-inoculated calves (41%) developed clinical disease characterised by multifocal necrotic cutaneous nodules. In comparison 8/10 (80%) of the arthropod-inoculated calves developed clinical disease. A variable LSDV-specific IFN-γ immune response was detected in the needle-inoculated calves from 5 days post inoculation (dpi) onwards, with no difference between clinical calves (developed cutaneous lesions) and nonclinical calves (did not develop cutaneous lesions). In contrast a robust and uniform cell-mediated immune response was detected in all eight clinical arthropod-inoculated calves, with little response detected in the two nonclinical arthropod-inoculated calves. Neutralising antibodies against LSDV were detected in all inoculated cattle from 5-7 dpi. Comparison of the production of anti-LSDV IgM and IgG antibodies revealed no difference between clinical and nonclinical needle-inoculated calves, however a strong IgM response was evident in the nonclinical arthropod-inoculated calves but absent in the clinical arthropod-inoculated calves. This suggests that early IgM production is a correlate of protection in LSD. This study presents the first evidence of differences in the immune response between clinical and nonclinical cattle and highlights the importance of using a relevant transmission model when studying LSD.

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Minimum Infective Dose of a Lumpy Skin Disease Virus Field Strain from North Macedonia

Cited by 19 publications

References 29 publications

Development of a Safe and Highly Efficient Inactivated Vaccine Candidate against Lumpy Skin Disease Virus

Development of a Safe and Highly Efficient Inactivated Vaccine Candidate against Lumpy Skin Disease Virus

Experimental Infection and Genetic Characterization of Two Different Capripox Virus Isolates in Small Ruminants

The immune response to lumpy skin disease virus in cattle is influenced by inoculation route

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