“…Cutting fluids are usually sprayed at the cutting zone in mist form which function as both coolant and lubrication at the tool–workpiece interface [ 7 – 9 ]. The reduction of coolant allows for minimizing the total energy consumption and manufacturing costs [ 91 – 93 ].…”
Section: Machining Under the Mql Techniquementioning
confidence: 99%
“…External application involves spraying lubricant directed at the tool–workpiece interface which requires manual adjustment of spray nozzle angle and positions. However, internal application requires specialized tool pieces that allows lubricant to be delivered through the cutting tool itself via internal through channels integrated in the tool [ 91 ]. Fig.…”
Section: Machining Under the Mql Techniquementioning
confidence: 99%
“…39 . Therefore, the optimum use of cutting fluids becomes priority to minimize the total cost in manufacturing industries [ 91 ]. Generally, a water-soluble-based oil or chemically synthesized oil is used as a coolant to cool and lubricate at the material–tool interface[ 146 ].…”
This paper reviews recent progress and applications of usage of cutting fluids in conventional machining processes. In addition to reviewing the various conventional and advanced cooling techniques during machining, the paper also discusses the use of minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) in several types on metals such as steel, aluminum, alloy, and titanium alloys. Due to the toxicity of conventional cutting fluid resulting in ecological problems, the demand for environmentally friendly cutting fluid is rising. Therefore, natural vegetable oil is chosen as potential replacement as an environmentally friendly cutting fluid which fulfills the important aspects of biodegradability and sustainability. Application of vegetable oil-based cutting fluids under MQL techniques are also discussed. Moreover, the potential of palm oil as biodegradable and environmentally friendly natural vegetable oil-based metal-working fluids in MQL are reviewed.
“…Cutting fluids are usually sprayed at the cutting zone in mist form which function as both coolant and lubrication at the tool–workpiece interface [ 7 – 9 ]. The reduction of coolant allows for minimizing the total energy consumption and manufacturing costs [ 91 – 93 ].…”
Section: Machining Under the Mql Techniquementioning
confidence: 99%
“…External application involves spraying lubricant directed at the tool–workpiece interface which requires manual adjustment of spray nozzle angle and positions. However, internal application requires specialized tool pieces that allows lubricant to be delivered through the cutting tool itself via internal through channels integrated in the tool [ 91 ]. Fig.…”
Section: Machining Under the Mql Techniquementioning
confidence: 99%
“…39 . Therefore, the optimum use of cutting fluids becomes priority to minimize the total cost in manufacturing industries [ 91 ]. Generally, a water-soluble-based oil or chemically synthesized oil is used as a coolant to cool and lubricate at the material–tool interface[ 146 ].…”
This paper reviews recent progress and applications of usage of cutting fluids in conventional machining processes. In addition to reviewing the various conventional and advanced cooling techniques during machining, the paper also discusses the use of minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) in several types on metals such as steel, aluminum, alloy, and titanium alloys. Due to the toxicity of conventional cutting fluid resulting in ecological problems, the demand for environmentally friendly cutting fluid is rising. Therefore, natural vegetable oil is chosen as potential replacement as an environmentally friendly cutting fluid which fulfills the important aspects of biodegradability and sustainability. Application of vegetable oil-based cutting fluids under MQL techniques are also discussed. Moreover, the potential of palm oil as biodegradable and environmentally friendly natural vegetable oil-based metal-working fluids in MQL are reviewed.
“…To obtain the desired result, a minimal amount of lubrication is yet another option that might be carefully considered [8]. Any machining process aims to reduce costs by raising performance and efficiency [9]. Oil (the base) and additives are combined to create CFs, which have a variety of qualities, depending on the machining process [10].…”
Lubrication and cooling (LC) are critical for mechanical devices’ effective and dependable functioning, because they decrease friction and wear of moving components, ensuring superior efficiency. However, the cutting fluids in machining operations are a key cause of fear, due to their high cost, environmental impact, and health risks, particularly in computer numerical control (CNC) machine tools (MTs). During the industrial revolutions, MTs superseded manual labour and increased efficiency and output. Therefore, much research was conducted on lubrication and cooling in CNC machine tools (LC in CNC MTs). Therefore, it has become necessary to review and highlight research hotspots and gaps using specific means that can benefit budding researchers. The present review aims to identify research hotspots and gaps of LC in CNC MTs utilizing content and visualization analysis, employing VOSviewer and Biblioshiny software. The analysis comprises 136 documents retrieved by Scopus between 1988 and 2022. The analysis revealed a consistent growth in publications, primarily consisting of articles, with a minor proportion of review documents and conference papers. The keywords were categorized into seven clusters, with a notable prevalence of ‘surface roughness’ and ‘CNC machine tools’. A word cloud was generated to visualize the author’s frequently used keywords, where larger font sizes represented higher frequency. The treemaps demonstrated that ‘CNC’ appeared 34 times and contributed 8%, followed by ‘machine’, ‘tool’, ‘machining’, and ‘thermal’. In the abstract-terms tree plot, ‘machine’ appeared 235 times and contributed 7%, followed by ‘CNC’, ‘machining’, ‘tool’, and ‘cutting’. The content and visualization analysis identified six research hotspots: computer control systems, machine tools, computer numerical control, machining, numerical control systems, and surface roughness (Ra). The research gaps are temperature, cooling systems, cutting forces, energy utilization, tool life, nanoparticles, electric power utilization, and energy conservation. Based on hotspots and gaps, literature evaluations extensively addressed the strong roadmap of technical improvements and problems of LC in CNC MTs. A complete visualization and content analysis also produced a conceptual framework for best practices, and the study offers insight into the issues and prospects.
“…6 Thus, MQL cooling systems can save a significant cost of up to 15%. 7 The performance of MQL in machining has been proved by many studies, as presented in several review papers. [8][9][10] Generally, previously published works have demonstrated the performance of MQL in terms of surface roughness, tool wear, cutting force, and chip formation.…”
In this study, the sustainably face milling of SKD11 steel under a minimum quantity lubrication condition was investigated. The goal of this work is twofold: (i) observing the impact of main milling parameters, including cutting speed ( Vc), depth of cut ( ap), and feed per tooth ( fz) on surface roughness ( Ra) and specific cutting energy (SCE), and (ii) finding out an optimal combination of cutting parameters for ameliorating the surface quality, productivity, and diminishing energy consumption. For this purpose, the experiment was designed by using the Box–Behnken matrix. A series of 15 experimental runs have been conducted to acquire experimental data. The regression models of Ra and SCE were subsequently developed and evaluated by using the analysis of variance. Finally, the multi-objective optimization issue was resolved by using the technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) algorithm and the desirability approach (DA). The results show that the parameter fz reveals the highest impact on surface roughness and SCE, followed by ap and Vc. The TOPSIS method allows finding the optimal solution with a reduction of 46% in terms of SCE when compared with that achieved by DA. This is significant in the context of sustainable manufacturing. This research is expected to enrich the knowledge of milling SKD11, and the achieved results can be used for research community and manufacturing industries.
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