“…EHRs often contain information on vital signs, laboratory results, clinical records, and previous medical care, which have been widely used in medical research and can be used to support a clinician's decision as part of early screening and diagnosis programs, or to predict disease progression and risk factors. 12 , 13 EHRs may provide complementary features for image data, and increase model interpretability. Several risk factors for DR, as determined by previous cross-sectional studies, can be retrieved from a patient's EHR, such as age, gender, body mass index (BMI), diabetes history, hypertension history, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and systolic blood pressure.…”