“…The commonly used methods and indi-ces include compactness index (Ma et al, 2008;Fan et al, 2009), sprawl intensity (Cai et al, 2007;Fan et al, 2009), spatial metrics (Huang et al, 2007;Pham et al, 2011;, gradient analysis (Zhang et al, 2004) and fractal dimension (Shen, 2002;Herold et al, 2003;Ma et al, 2008). These methods have been used to elaborate the spatial-temporal characteristics of urban growth by analyzing the intensity and speed of expansion, as well as the anisotropy and spatial heterogeneity of expansion.…”