Mining threatens isolated indigenous peoples in the Brazilian Amazon

Villén‐Peréz, Sara; Anaya-Valenzuela, Luisa; Cruz, Denis Conrado da; Fearnside, Philip M.

doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102398

Cited by 57 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…However, the most worrying point is that only in half of the 2022 year, mining is already equivalent to 19% of all deforestation notices 21 in the analyzed ITs. Recent environmental setbacks, which includes political speech, can explain the increased illegal mining activity in ITs 18,27 , besides the possibility of regulating commercial mining in these territories 29,31,32 . Combined with setbacks, the rise in the gold price in recent years has increased pressure on these protected areas; in the 2019-2021 period, the gold price increased more than 30%, reaching up to $65 g -1 , the highest value of the last ten years ( https://goldprice.org ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indigenous communities have been the most effective defenders and consistent guardians of the Amazon rainforests 28 . With their land being threatened by illegal mining 29,31,32 and land grabbing 42 , management systems and environmental services provided by these communities over millennia 43 will be compromised substantially. Most ITs have full legal property rights under presidential homologation, and the government is responsible under the constitution to protect and respect the rights of these territories 14 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Brazilian Amazon Indigenous Territories under deforestation pressure

Silva

Arisi

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Studies showed that Brazilian Amazon indigenous territories (Its) are efficient models for preserving forests by reducing deforestation, fires, and related carbon emissions. Here, we used official remote sensing datasets to analyze deforestation inside and outside indigenous territories within Brazil's Amazon biome in the 2013-2021 period. We found that deforestation has increased by 129% inside ITs since 2013, followed by an increase in illegal mining areas. In the 2019-2021 period, deforestation was 195% higher and 30% further from the borders towards the interior of indigenous territories than in previous years (2013-2018). Furthermore, about 59% of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions within ITs in the 2013-2021 period (96 million tons) occurred in the last three years of analyzed years, revealing the magnitude of increasing deforestation to climate impacts. Therefore, curbing deforestation in indigenous territories must be a priority for the Brazilian government to secure these peoples' land rights, ensure the forests' protection and regulate the global climate.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brazilian Amazon Indigenous Territories under deforestation pressure

Silva

Arisi

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…Thus, such acts of defense are not restricted to unequal distribution of natural resources (Larsen et al, 2021;Scheidel et al, 2020;Verweijen et al, 2021;Zeng et al, 2021), but, above all, threats to land and territory and forms of social reproduction (CPT, 2017b). There are also major issues of negligence by the state regarding social protection and affirmation of rights (Rapozo, 2021;, 2022Villén-Pérez et al, 2022). CPT (2015;2016;2017a;2020a;2021a) When we add the effort of groups seeking access to property and permanence on the land (landless and settler groups, 40.61%) to the struggle of these defenders, the total constitutes 65% of defenders who are threatened with death Pará state, from 2014 to 2020.…”

Section: Defenders Threatened With Death In Brazil the Legal Amazon A...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Butt et al (2019) also show that conflicts over natural resources are linked to different resources and/or sectors (for example: fossil fuels, minerals, timber, agriculture, aquaculture, and water), leading to appropriation, expropriation, and control of territories. Displacement occurs with direct threats or use of physical violence, and there are many cases of forced labor, pollution, and denial of territorial and indigenous rights (see also Le Billon & Middeldorp, 2021;, 2022Rorato et al, 2022;Villén-Pérez et al, 2022). Agribusiness and mining are the main sectors that act as sources of conflicts, since they affect existing identities identity production -they grab or hoard land (Aguilar-Støen, 2016).…”

Section: Activities/sectors and The Intensification Of Defender Threatsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental defenders suffering death threats and "under protection" in the state of Pará, Eastern Amazonia, Brazil

Rodrigues

Campos

Santana

2022

Journal of Political Ecology

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Latin America has a long history of extractive and exploitative territorial activities, dating back to the colonial era. However, in the last decade there has been a steep increase in these activities, and in socio-environmental conflicts, in Latin America. There are indications of the links between the exploitation of natural resources and the violation of human rights, which materializes in the Amazon through the increase of expulsions and evictions of families, assassination attempts, murders, illegal imprisonments, intimidation, and threats. The main targets of these crimes are leaders who head the struggle to defend the rights of collectivities to land and territory, the environment, human rights and their multiple cultural and life expressions. The state of Pará (Eastern Amazonia) has appeared in the last decade as one of the states in Brazil with the highest incidence of cases of land conflicts, assassinations, aggression, defamation, and death threats directed against community leaders and environmental defenders. Thus, this article aims to quantify, characterize and reflect on the environmental defenders and community leaders suffering death threats and under legal protection in the state of Pará, Eastern Amazonia (between 2014 and 2020). It also seeks to identify the main activities and sectors that threaten these groups and the reasons behind the intensification of threats in recent years.

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“…The average of the annual deforestation rates within Indigenous lands in the last three years (2019-2021) is ~81% above the decadal average rate [2]. In addition to deforestation, illegal mining is a growing threat within Indigenous lands [6][7][8][9]. As can be seen in Figure 1, deforestation within the Indigenous lands of the Brazilian Amazon in the past three years has been occurring with particular intensity in the eastern region, in the so-called "Arc of Deforestation".…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%