Minireview: Clinical cryptosporidiosis

Chalmers, Rachel M.; Davies, Angharad

doi:10.1016/j.exppara.2009.02.003

Cited by 299 publications

(254 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…C. parvum has a cosmopolitan distribution and its prevalence can range from 0.1% to 31.5% in developing countries [3]. Human cryptosporidiosis can be accompanied by abdominal pain, fever, vomiting, malabsorption and diarrhea [4] that may lead to undernutrition, as found in children in West Africa and South America [5] and in Bangladesh [6]. Undernutrition is a well-recognized worldwide health problem, and some years ago, it was found to be responsible of 54% of deaths in children in developing countries [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptosporidiosis: a neglected infection and its association with nutritional status in schoolchildren in northwestern Mexico

Quihui‐Cota

Lugo-Flores

Ponce-Martínez

et al. 2015

J Infect Dev Ctries

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Introduction: Undernutrition is a recognized public health problem in Mexican children and cryptosporidiosis is probably a factor contributing to this problem. However, it remains a neglected and poorly attended infection in Mexico. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Cryptosporidium parvum and to establish its association with the nutritional status in schoolchildren of northwestern Mexico. Methodology: A total of 405 schoolchildren between 6 and 13 years of age were included in this study. Weight-for-age (W/A), height-for-age (H/A) and body mass index-for-age (BMI/A) Z scores were calculated. The Faust technique was used to detect intestinal parasites in stool samples and C. parvum coproantigen was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: The overall prevalence of C. parvum was 28.4%. Some of the study children were C. parvum free (n = 86) and some were C. parvum infected (n = 77). The prevalences of risk of undernutrition found in both groups of children for H/A, W/A, and BMI/A Z scores were 18%, 21% and 28%, respectively. Weight, ZW/A, and ZH/A were significantly higher in the C. parvum-free group compared to the C. parvuminfected group (p ≤ 0.05). The children with cryptosporidiosis were 2.7 times more likely to be at risk of undernutrition by W/A Z score and 2.9 times more likely to be at risk of undernutrition by ZH/A than were the C. parvum-free children. Conclusions: Cryptosporidiosis may be a contributing factor to childhood undernutrition in northwestern Mexico. The proper authorities must implement control and prevention measurements in Mexico and other developing countries.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptosporidiosis: a neglected infection and its association with nutritional status in schoolchildren in northwestern Mexico

Quihui‐Cota

Lugo-Flores

Ponce-Martínez

et al. 2015

J Infect Dev Ctries

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“…The cycle time is variable and may occur in up to 48 hours or 14 days depending on the host species. Unlike other coccidia, which eliminate the non-sporulated oocysts, the oocysts of C. parvum undergo sporulation within the host, eliminating the already infective for the environment (Carey, 2004;Chalmers & Davies, 2009 (Table 2). In humans, the incubation period is 20-10 days and the duration of the disease in immunocompetent individuals, up to 3 weeks.…”

Section: About the Agent And The Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Deforestation and Water Borne Parasitic Zoonoses

Lallo¹

2012

Deforestation Around the World

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“…infects the epithelial cells of the respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract microvillis in a wide variety of vertebrate hosts (CHALMERS; DAVIES, 2010;. Its biological cycle is completed in only one host and the dissemination of the parasite occurs by the elimination of infectious oocysts in feces, so that the infection of susceptible hosts can occur through direct contact or by ingestion of contaminated food and water XIAO, 2010).…”

Section: Cryptosporidium: Taxonomic and Biological Aspectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Waterborne Giardia and Cryptosporidium: contamination of human drinking water by sewage and cattle feces

Toledo

Martins

Freire

2017

SCA

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Water is an important vehicle for pathogens such as Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis. In fact, these organisms are responsible for almost 58% and 38% of the waterborne outbreaks reported in ~60 years. Characteristics related to the environmental phase of these protozoa and the different types of hosts are important factors related to environmental contamination. In cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis, outbreaks caused by waterborne pathogens are identified as major risk factors for contamination of water resources by untreated sewage and the entrainment of cattle feces in rainwater. Further, this review covers taxonomic, biologic, and epidemiologic aspects such as prevalence, risk factors, and molecular characterization of these protozoa observed in humans and cattle in order to elucidate the role of these hosts in environmental pollution, and consequently, as a source of infection for susceptible humans, especially in rural areas. Alternative water resources such as wells and springs are used without water treatment and potability monitoring. Epidemiological data are useful, but insufficient to characterize the source of infection, thereby requiring the use of appropriate molecular methods for subtyping the protozoa detected in environmental and feces samples as well as for assessing public health risk. Key words: Sanitation. Giardia duodenalis. Cryptosporidium parvum. Zoonosis. Rural areas. Molecular characterization. ResumoA água é um importante veículo de transmissão de patógenos, entre eles Cryptosporidium spp e Giardia duodenalis, respectivamente responsáveis por 58% e 38% dos surtos de veiculação hídrica registrados em cerca de 60 anos. Características relacionadas às fases ambientais destes protozoários e a grande quantidade de hospedeiros são importantes fatores relacionados à contaminação ambiental. Em surtos de criptosporidiose e giardíase por veiculação hídrica são apontados como principais fatores de risco a contaminação dos mananciais, utilizados para a dessedentação humana, por esgoto não tratado e o desague de fezes de animais devido ao carreamento por água da chuva. Além destes fatores, esta revisão aborda aspectos taxonômicos, biológicos e epidemiológicos, como prevalência, fatores de risco e caracterização molecular destes protozoários em humanos e bovinos como forma de elucidar a importância destes hospedeiros na contaminação ambiental e, consequentemente, como fonte de infecção para humanos suscetíveis, especialmente em áreas rurais. Nestas áreas são frequentemente utilizadas fontes alternativas de abastecimento de água, como poços e nascentes, sem tratamento e monitoramento de potabilidade. Dados epidemiológicos auxiliam, porém não são suficientes para caracterizar fontes de infecção, sendo necessário o uso de adequadas ferramentas de caracterização molecular para subtipagem de protozoários identificados em fezes e amostras ambientais e avaliação do risco de saúde pública.

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Minireview: Clinical cryptosporidiosis

Cited by 299 publications

References 84 publications

Cryptosporidiosis: a neglected infection and its association with nutritional status in schoolchildren in northwestern Mexico

Cryptosporidiosis: a neglected infection and its association with nutritional status in schoolchildren in northwestern Mexico

Deforestation and Water Borne Parasitic Zoonoses

Waterborne Giardia and Cryptosporidium: contamination of human drinking water by sewage and cattle feces

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