Minor physical anomalies and obstetric complications in schizophrenia

McNeil, Thomas F.; Cantor‐Graae, Elizabeth

doi:10.1046/j.1440-1614.2000.00784.x

Cited by 18 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…MPAs are subtle signs of fetal developmental abnormalities (Buckley, ; Sivkov & Akabaliev, ) that have been considered to be among the most replicated risk markers for SCZ‐spectrum disorders (Compton et al, ). According to some prior studies, MPAs are considered as markers of an insult during gestation when craniofacial and brain development is occurring simultaneously, mainly in the first trimester of fetal life (Buckley, ; Compton & Walker, ; Green, Satz, Gaier, Ganzell, & Kharabi, ; Lane et al, ; McNeil & Cantor‐Graae, ; Sivkov & Akabaliev, ). As a group, MPAs include subtle malformations in the craniofacial region and limbs, such as hypertelorism, low‐set ears, single palmar crease, curved fifth digit, and measurements of head circumference, maximum skull length, and skull base width that are outside of expected ranges.…”

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confidence: 66%

A trend toward smaller optical angles and medial‐ocular distance in schizophrenia spectrum, but not in bipolar and major depressive disorders

Wang

Deng

et al. 2016

PsyCh Journal

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Minor physical anomalies (MPAs) are subtle signs of fetal developmental abnormalities that have been considered to be among the most replicated risk markers for schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. However, quantitative approaches are needed to measure craniofacial MPAs. The present study adopted an imaging-based quantitative approach to examine craniofacial MPAs across the spectrum of schizophrenia and affective disorders, to address their sensitivity and specificity. We sampled 31 patients with schizophrenia, 30 of their unaffected relatives, and 30 individuals with schizotypal personality traits, as well as 37 non-schizotypal controls. We also examined 17 patients with bipolar disorder and 19 patients with major depressive disorder. Five craniofacial MPAs were measured on anterior-posterior commissure-aligned T1-weighted images of an individual's native brain space: medial-ocular distance, lateral-ocular distance, optical angle, maximum skull length, and skull-base width. Compared to non-schizotypal controls, patients with schizophrenia and their relatives showed a trend toward having smaller optical angles and medial-ocular distance, while no difference was found in patients with bipolar or major depressive disorders, suggesting some degree of specificity to schizophrenia. Our approach may benefit future research on craniofacial MPAs as risk markers for schizophrenia-spectrum disorders, and may eventually be useful in strategies to enhance risk stratification using multiple risk markers.

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confidence: 66%

A trend toward smaller optical angles and medial‐ocular distance in schizophrenia spectrum, but not in bipolar and major depressive disorders

Wang

Deng

et al. 2016

PsyCh Journal

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“…MPAs have their origin in the first trimester, established by around week 16 [8] or up to week 22 of embryonic life. Minor physical anomalies are stable over time and can be studied efficiently from early childhood onwards [9]. They are known to be strongly correlated with brain structural abnormalities; developmentally delayed individuals are more than twice as likely (29%) as developmentally normal individuals to have structurally abnormal MRIs (14%) [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

MRI Study of Minor Physical Anomaly in Childhood Autism Implicates Aberrant Neurodevelopment in Infancy

et al. 2011

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BackgroundMPAs (minor physical anomalies) frequently occur in neurodevelopmental disorders because both face and brain are derived from neuroectoderm in the first trimester. Conventionally, MPAs are measured by evaluation of external appearance. Using MRI can help overcome inherent observer bias, facilitate multi-centre data acquisition, and explore how MPAs relate to brain dysmorphology in the same individual. Optical MPAs exhibit a tightly synchronized trajectory through fetal, postnatal and adult life. As head size enlarges with age, inter-orbital distance increases, and is mostly completed before age 3 years. We hypothesized that optical MPAs might afford a retrospective ‘window’ to early neurodevelopment; specifically, inter-orbital distance increase may represent a biomarker for early brain dysmaturation in autism.MethodsWe recruited 91 children aged 7–16; 36 with an autism spectrum disorder and 55 age- and gender-matched typically developing controls. All children had normal IQ. Inter-orbital distance was measured on T1-weighted MRI scans. This value was entered into a voxel-by-voxel linear regression analysis with grey matter segmented from a bimodal MRI data-set. Age and total brain tissue volume were entered as covariates.ResultsIntra-class coefficient for measurement of the inter-orbital distance was 0.95. Inter-orbital distance was significantly increased in the autism group (p = 0.03, 2-tailed). The autism group showed a significant relationship between inter-orbital distance grey matter volume of bilateral amygdalae extending to the unci and inferior temporal poles.ConclusionsGreater inter-orbital distance in the autism group compared with healthy controls is consistent with infant head size expansion in autism. Inter-orbital distance positively correlated with volume of medial temporal lobe structures, suggesting a link to “social brain” dysmorphology in the autism group. We suggest these data support the role of optical MPAs as a “fossil record” of early aberrant neurodevelopment, and potential biomarker for brain dysmaturation in autism.

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“…MPAs include minor malformations and phenogenetic variants that are stable over time [14]. Minor malformations are qualitative defects of embryogenesis arising during organogenesis and are true deviations from normal.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Minor Physical Anomalies in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Healthy Controls

Manouilenko

Eriksson

Humble

et al. 2014

Autism Research and Treatment

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Minor Physical Anomalies (MPAs) are subtle abnormalities of the head, face, and limbs, without significant cosmetic or functional impact to the individual. They are assumed to represent external markers of developmental deviations during foetal life. MPAs have been suggested to indicate severity in mental illness and constitute external markers for atypical brain development. Higher frequencies of MPAs can be found in children with autism. The aims of the present study were to examine the prevalence and patterns of MPAs in adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and to investigate whether MPAs are associated with symptom severity and overall functioning. Fifty adults with ASD and intelligence within the normal range and 53 healthy controls were examined with the Waldrop scale, an instrument for assessing MPAs. Face and feet were photographed enabling blinded assessment. Significant differences between the ASD and the control group were found on the MPA total scores, and also in the craniofacial region scores. Moreover, the shape of the ears was associated with autistic traits, in the ASD group. High MPA total scores were associated with poorer functioning. The findings suggest a link between MPAs, autistic traits, and level of functioning. Assessment of MPAs may assist in the diagnostic procedure of psychiatric disorders.

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Minor physical anomalies and obstetric complications in schizophrenia

Cited by 18 publications

References 50 publications

A trend toward smaller optical angles and medial‐ocular distance in schizophrenia spectrum, but not in bipolar and major depressive disorders

A trend toward smaller optical angles and medial‐ocular distance in schizophrenia spectrum, but not in bipolar and major depressive disorders

MRI Study of Minor Physical Anomaly in Childhood Autism Implicates Aberrant Neurodevelopment in Infancy

Minor Physical Anomalies in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Healthy Controls

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