Minority Stress Factors Associated With Depression and Anxiety Among Transgender and Gender-Nonconforming Youth

Chodzen, Gia; Hidalgo, Marco A.; Chen, Diane; Garofalo, Robert

doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.07.006

Cited by 227 publications

(148 citation statements)

References 27 publications

(38 reference statements)

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“…Day‐to‐day experiences of oppression and discrimination, also known as minority stress, play a central role in the disparities and inequities experienced by TNG youth in and outside of school settings . The Minority Stress Model posits that TNG individuals have increased rates of mental health concerns due to the daily stigma and oppression that they experience related to their gender identities and expressions .…”

Section: School Experiences For Tng Youthmentioning

confidence: 99%

At the Margins: Comparing School Experiences of Nonbinary and Binary‐Identified Transgender Youth

Allen

Andert²,

Botsford³

et al. 2020

Journal of School Health

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BACKGROUND Transgender, nonbinary, and gender nonconforming (TNG) young people are a diverse group, including young people with gender identities beyond the gender binary. Whereas nonbinary youth experience disparities in victimization and mental health, school belonging, support, and resources have not been well described. METHODSWe conducted an online survey of TNG young people (ages 12-22) in Wisconsin to assess school belonging, safety, support, and resources. We compared responses among participants with nonbinary versus binary identities using mulvariate analysis of variance, multivariate analysis of covariance, chi-square and logistic regression analysis. RESULTSA total of 287 TNG young people met inclusion criteria (average age 18.2 ± 2.5 years). More than 40% of participants identified as nonbinary. Nonbinary participants were less likely to be out to teachers, but more likely to utilize supportive staff as a resource compared to binary-identified TNG peers. There were no significant differences in school safety and belonging.CONCLUSIONS Most school experiences do not vary significantly between TNG young people with binary versus nonbinary gender identities, though nonbinary young people are less likely to be out at school. Future research should examine factors that impact whether nonbinary young people share their gender identity and access school support services.Citation: Allen BJ, Andert B, Botsford J, Budge SL, Rehm JL. At the margins: comparing school experiences of nonbinary and binary-identified transgender youth.T ransgender, nonbinary, and gender nonconforming (TNG) people have been increasingly recognized as a diverse group including individuals that span geography and culture. 1-3 Day-to-day stress related to discrimination, internalized and externalized transphobia, and victimization, well-outlined in the Intersectional Ecological Model of LGBTQ health, is a widely accepted explanation for mental health and a Assistant Professor, (bjallen@pediatrics.wisc.edu), Indicates CHES continuing education hours are available. Also available at http://www.ashaweb.org/continuing_education.html physical health as well as socioeconomic disparities seen in TNG populations. 4 For most young people, school experiences are central in the day-to-day structure of their lives and social relationships; therefore, experiences of discrimination, safety, and belonging at school are critical to understand in assessing how these environments impact the wellness of TNG young people.

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Section: School Experiences For Tng Youthmentioning

confidence: 99%

At the Margins: Comparing School Experiences of Nonbinary and Binary‐Identified Transgender Youth

Allen

Andert²,

Botsford³

et al. 2020

Journal of School Health

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“…Transgender people also face discrimination because of diverse gender and potentially intersecting identities, which can add to their psychological distress (e.g., Lombardi, Wilchins, Priesing & Malouf, ; Nadal, Skolnik, & Wong, ). These findings are echoed among transgender youth and young adult samples (Chodzen, Hidalgo, Chen, & Garofalo, ; Kuper, Adams, & Mustanski, ; Reisner et al, )—a population similarly aged to university students seeking services from university counseling centers. Preliminary psychotherapy evidence suggests that treatment seeking transgender university students also report more distress in comparison to cisgender clients (Effrig, Bieschke, & Locke, ), suggesting the importance of understanding pretreatment psychological distress for transgender clients.…”

Section: Pretreatment Counseling Experiences Stressors and Supportmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Specifically, higher levels of daily discriminatory experiences endured by transgender individuals have been demonstrated to predict posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms (Reisner et al, ). Transgender youth who have internalized transphobia are also more likely to meet diagnostic criteria for depression and generalized anxiety (Chodzen et al, ). This is particularly concerning as transgender individuals report enduring more harassment (Effrig et al, ) and violence (Stotzer, ) as well as sexual assault (Clements‐Nolle et al, ) than nontransgender individuals.…”

Section: Pretreatment Counseling Experiences Stressors and Supportmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pretreatment counseling experiences, stressors, and support differences between transgender and cisgender university students seeking mental healthcare

et al. 2018

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Objectives: Our aim was to explore rates of prior counseling experiences as well as pretreatment stressors and supports among transgender university students seeking psychotherapy services in university counseling centers.Methods: We used regression models to explore relationships between gender identity and prior mental health experiences, risk-related experiences, traumatic experiences, and support among clients (cisgender: n = 162,305; transgender: n = 545) seeking treatment at 136 university counseling centers.Results: Results demonstrate more previous mental health service utilization and greater frequency of some prior stressors transgender clients. Findings indicate the odds of transgender clients reporting drug and alcohol concerns are lower than the reference group. Additionally, transgender clients report less familial support but more social support than cisgender clients. Conclusion:We discuss the importance of these findings through a more holistic lens that recognizes both stressors as well as positive factors that may more accurately characterize the experiences of transgender clients.

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“…It may also enable locality mental health services to work more effectively with young people who are exploring their gender. It must be acknowledged that transphobia can impact not only on the wellbeing of the child (Chodzen et al, ) but also on the treatment they receive.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Debate: What if it’s not just a phase?

Theodosiou

2020

Child Adoles Ment Health

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In order to support children and young people who are exploring their gender, we need to develop a shared understanding of gender identities and enhance the evidence base relating to long-term outcomes. All professionals working with children and young people should be trained in gender diversity. Health-care systems must be adapted to enable us to record gender identity; outcome measures should be developed that accommodate different gender identities. In doing so, we will develop clearer information about the number of children and young people who are exploring their gender and the way that gender identities develop throughout childhood. We will also start to demystify gender and work to enhance understanding and acceptance of diversity.

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Minority Stress Factors Associated With Depression and Anxiety Among Transgender and Gender-Nonconforming Youth

Abstract: There are several unique factors that may predict mental illness among TGNC youth. Understanding these factors may offer opportunities for targeted clinical and structural interventions.

Cited by 227 publications

References 27 publications

At the Margins: Comparing School Experiences of Nonbinary and Binary‐Identified Transgender Youth

At the Margins: Comparing School Experiences of Nonbinary and Binary‐Identified Transgender Youth

Pretreatment counseling experiences, stressors, and support differences between transgender and cisgender university students seeking mental healthcare

Debate: What if it’s not just a phase?

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