Minority stressors and psychological distress in transgender individuals.

Timmins, Liadh; Rimes, Katharine A.; Rahman, Qazi

doi:10.1037/sgd0000237

Cited by 119 publications

(115 citation statements)

References 83 publications

(159 reference statements)

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“…Research has demonstrated that TGNC people experience high levels of internalized transphobia (e.g., internalization of stigma) and that this can negatively impact their selfesteem and coping skills (Austin & Goodman, 2017;Breslow et al, 2015;Mizock & Mueser, 2014). Further, research has demonstrated that internalized transphobia is related to increased psychological distress (Timmins, Rimes, & Rahman, 2017). Nonaffirmation of gender identity can include instances such as referring to a TGNC person using the wrong gender pronouns or calling a TGNC person a former name that no longer fits an individual's gender identity (Testa, Habarth, Peta, Balsam, & Bockting, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender minority stress, sleep disturbance, and sexual victimization in transgender and gender nonconforming adults

et al. 2019

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Objective The current study examined facets of gender minority stress (nonaffirmation, internalized transphobia) and protective factors (community connectedness, transgender identity pride) as potential moderators of the relationship between sexual victimization and sleep disturbances among transgender and gender nonconforming (TGNC) adults. Methods TGNC adults (n = 191) were recruited through Amazon's Mechanical Turk. The average age was 30.28 years old (SD = 7.09; range 18–71) and the majority (55%) identified in the transfemale spectrum. Results Results demonstrated a significant two‐way interaction between sexual victimization and internalized transphobia, such that sexual victimization was more strongly related to sleep disturbances when internalized transphobia was low (β = .14, p = .017) relative to high (β = −0.09, p = .221). Conclusions This study is the first to establish the relationship between sexual victimization and sleep disturbances in TGNC individuals. Additional research is needed to replicate these findings longitudinally.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender minority stress, sleep disturbance, and sexual victimization in transgender and gender nonconforming adults

et al. 2019

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“…Though many transgender individuals identified as LGB, such individuals are subject to minority stressors relating to their gender identity that could be tapped into by the measures used in this study (Hendricks & Testa, 2012). Thus, these groups were analyzed separately (Timmins, Rimes, & Rahman, 2017). Non-LGB sexual minority groups, including asexual (n = 98), pansexual (n = 160), and queer (n = 80) individuals, were considered for inclusion in these analyses; however, subsamples of theses sizes are insufficient to reliably test for invariance across groups (Kline, 2011).…”

Section: Methods Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Minority Stressors, Rumination, and Psychological Distress in Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Individuals

2019

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This study tested the mechanisms by which social stigma contributes to psychological distress in lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals. A large community sample (N = 4248, M age = 29.9 years, 42.9% female, 57.1% male, 35.7% bisexual, 64.3% lesbian/gay, 9.9% non-white) was recruited using targeted and general advertisements for an online cross-sectional survey. Participants completed measures of childhood gender nonconformity, prejudice events, victimization, microaggressions, sexual orientation concealment, sexual orientation disclosure, expectations of rejection, self-stigma, rumination, and distress. Structural equation modeling was used to test the relationships between these variables in a model based upon minority stress theory and the integrative mediation framework with childhood gender nonconformity as the initial independent variable and distress (depression, anxiety, and well-being) as the final dependent variable. The results broadly support the hypothesized model. The final model had good fit χ 2 (37) = 440.99, p < .001, TLI = .96, CFI = .98, RMSEA = .05 [.05, .06] and explained 50.2% of the variance in psychological distress and 24.8% in rumination. Sexual orientation and gender had moderating effects on some individual paths. Results should be considered in the context of the cross-sectional nature of the data, which prevented tests of causality, and self-report measures used, which are vulnerable to bias. Findings indicate strong relationships between minority stressors and psychological distress in lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals, which are partially accounted for by rumination. These results may inform the development of interventions that address the added burden of minority stress among lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals.

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“…The EMAS reportedly was shown to consist of two factors in an exploratory factor analysis: Distal Environmental Microaggressions (D) and Proximal Environmental Microaggressions (P). (GSMMS;Timmins et al, 2017): The GSMMS is a 12-item scale developed to measure experiences of anti-LGBT+ microaggression. Items include, "People suggesting that your sexual orientation or gender identity is just a phase, a choice or not real."…”

Section: (D)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations between microaggression and adjustment outcomes: A meta-analytic and narrative review.

Lui

Quezada

2019

Psychological Bulletin

155

119

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Microaggression has been considered a form of stressor that negatively affects people with marginalized statuses. Research shows variability in how microaggression is measured, and the extent to which it is associated with adjustment outcomes. A new cube model was proposed to conceptualize microaggression across social groups, interpersonal and group-level interactions, and categories of incidents. Synthesizing findings from published and unpublished studies, this study was aimed to examine the relations between microaggression and adjustment outcomes. Meta-analyses quantified the study-level correlations between microaggression and various adjustment outcomes, and estimated the degree to which methodological and individual factors explained between-study variability. Using 72 independent study samples (N = 18,718), omnibus analysis with a random-effects model showed a statistically significant summary correlation between microaggression and adjustment outcomes (r = .20, 95% CI = .16-.23, p < .001). Between-study variability (Q = 319.86, p < .001, t 2 = .01, I 2 = 77.80%) was explained by gender, race, and publication status. Except for gender microaggression, racial, LGBTQ, and health status microaggressions were associated with adjustment outcomes. Microaggression was relatively more strongly associated with internalizing problems, stress/negative affect, and positive affect/adjustment than with externalizing problems and physical symptoms. Adjustment outcomes were more closely linked to interpersonal microaggression than group microaggression, and to microassault than microinsult and microinvalidation. Narrative reviews showed that very few studies tested whether microaggression predicted adjustment outcomes above and beyond overt discrimination and individual difference factors, and examined the indirect mechanisms that may link microaggression to adjustment outcomes. Limitations to the scope of this research synthesis and future research directions are discussed.

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Minority stressors and psychological distress in transgender individuals.

Cited by 119 publications

References 83 publications

Gender minority stress, sleep disturbance, and sexual victimization in transgender and gender nonconforming adults

Gender minority stress, sleep disturbance, and sexual victimization in transgender and gender nonconforming adults

Minority Stressors, Rumination, and Psychological Distress in Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Individuals

Associations between microaggression and adjustment outcomes: A meta-analytic and narrative review.

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