miR‐146a enhances regulatory T‐cell differentiation and function in allergic rhinitis by targeting STAT5b

Feng

2022

Allergy

Self Cite

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a global health problem with increasing prevalence and association with an enormous medical and socioeconomic burden. New recognition of immune cells such as type 2 innate lymphocytes (ILC2s), T helper (Th2) 2 cells, follicular helper T cells, follicular regulatory T cells, regulatory T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, and epithelial cells in AR pathogenesis has been updated in this review paper. An in‐depth understanding of the mechanisms underlying AR will aid the identification of biomarkers associated with disease and ultimately provide valuable parameters critical to guide personalized targeted therapy. As the only etiological treatment option for AR, allergen‐specific immunotherapy (AIT) has attracted increasing attention, with evidence for effectiveness of AIT recently demonstrated in several randomized controlled trials and long‐term real‐life studies. The exploration of biologics as therapeutic options has only involved anti‐IgE and anti‐type 2 inflammatory agents; however, the cost‐effectiveness of these agents remains to be elucidated precisely. In the midst of the currently on‐going COVID‐19 pandemic, a global life‐threatening disease, although some studies have indicated that AR is not a risk factor for severity and mortality of COVID‐19, this needs to be confirmed in multi‐centre, real‐life studies of AR patients from different parts of the world.

Section: Pathomechanisms In Armentioning

confidence: 99%

Update on pathomechanisms and treatments in allergic rhinitis

Feng

2022

Allergy

Self Cite

“…Treg cells are a subtype of T cells that maintain immune function and regulate immune adaptation. [177][178][179][180] The expression of Treg cells is closely related to the pathological state of the respiratory tract, and its functional impairment can potentially lead to autoimmune diseases. The increase of HIF-1α and HIF-2α in hypoxic conditions can inhibit the differentiation of Treg cells.…”

Section: Effect Of Hypoxia On T Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of hypoxia in the pathophysiology of chronic rhinosinusitis

Zhong

Seah

Liu

et al. 2022

Allergy

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is characterized by inflammation of the nasal cavity and the paranasal sinuses. [1][2][3][4] It has a significant impact on living and working conditions, affecting about 5%-12% of the general population. [5][6][7] Common complaints of such patients include nasal congestion, nasal discharge, altered sense of smell, facial pain, and facial pressure. The United States conservatively estimates that spending on CRS amounts up to $30 billion each year, inevitably creating a huge economic burden on society. 7 From an etiological point of view, CRS can be classified into primary and secondary forms. 8 Primary CRS is characterized by chronic inflammation of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, where an obvious secondary causative factor is absent. Secondary

“…miR-146a-deficient mice had an elevated percentage of FOXP3-CD4+ T cells and IFN-γ-dependent Th1 pro-inflammatory responses increased in miR-146a-deficient mice through activating STAT1 (target of miR-146) ( 8 ). However, one study reported that in patients with allergic rhinitis, miR-146a elevated Treg functions and differentiation via targeting STAT5b ( 79 ). Guo et al ( 58 ) indicated that miR-146a mediated Treg-cell differentiation via upregulating FOXP3 expression.…”

Section: Mir-146a and Inflammationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms and application strategies of miRNA‑146a regulating inflammation and fibrosis at molecular and cellular levels (Review)

2022

In the progression of various diseases, inflammation has a critical role. Chronic persistent inflammation is a pivotal trigger of fibrosis. Several microRNAs (miRNAs) participate in inflammation and fibrosis. In recent years, it has been proved that miRNAs are a critical link in physiological and pathological processes. Among them, the miRNA miR-146a has a pivotal role in the immune system and acquired immunity, making it one of the most studied miRNAs. Due to its essential roles at the molecular and cellular levels, it has broad application prospects in precision medicine. The present comprehensive review focused on the mechanisms of miR-146a and its application strategies in inflammation and fibrosis, discussing its therapeutic potential. The main signaling pathways through which miR-146a regulates inflammation and fibrosis and their relationships were covered. Furthermore, the functions and effects of miR-146a in specific cells, which may join in the process of inflammation and fibrosis, were outlined. Application strategies were also summarized according to recent studies based on these mechanisms. Contents 1. Introduction 2. Location and transcription regulation of miR-146a 3. miR-146a and inflammation 4. miR-146a and fibrosis 5. Application strategies 6. Conclusions and perspectives