miR-421, miR-155 and miR-650: Emerging Trends of Regulation of Cancer and Apoptosis

Abstract

It is becoming progressively more understandable that between transcription and translation there lies another versatile regulator that quantitatively controls the expression of mRNAs. Identification of miRNAs as key regulators of wide ranging signaling cascades and modulators of different cell-type and context dependent activities attracted basic and clinical scientists to study modes and mechanisms in details. In line with this approach overwhelmingly increasing in vivo and in vitro studies are deepening our understanding regarding miR-421, mir-155 and miR-650 mediated regulation of cellular activities. We also attempt to provide an overview of long non coding RNAs.

Effect of miR-155 knockdown on the reversal of doxorubicin resistance in human lung cancer A549/dox cells

“…The present study observed that the phosphorylation levels of AKT and ERK representative of signaling pathway activation decreased subsequent to miR-155 silencing, but it has yet to be determined whether the mechanism involves the regulation of PTEN expression. However, it has been revealed that the role of miR-155 in tumors involves multiple aspects and miR-155 interacts with the intracellular transcription factors regulating gene transcription (42,43). The present results demonstrated the ability of miR-155 to positively regulate the activity of NF-κB and AP-1.…”

MicroRNAs: Biogenesis, Roles for Carcinogenesis and as Potential Biomarkers for Cancer Diagnosis and Prognosis

“…Each miRNA is predicted to have hundreds of mRNA targets caused by the imperfect base pairing (Lim et al, 2005) to the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of the target mRNAs and signalling the target for mRNA degradation. Thus, miRNAs have been identified as performing significant regulatory functions in various cellular, biological and pathological processes, including the differentiation, progression, apoptosis, and proliferation of cancer cells (Heneghan et al, 2010;Farooqi et al, 2014). These molecules characteristically moderate the translation and stability of mRNAs, including those genes that mediate processes in carcinogenesis, including the immune response, metabolism, inflammation, cell cycle control, viral replication, stem cell differentiation and human development (Farazi et al, 2013).…”

TRAIL Based Therapy: Overview of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Based Delivery and miRNA Controlled Expression of TRAIL

“…miRNAs have been extensively studied regulators in molecular oncology and it is now evident that tumor suppressor miRNAs are repressed/downregulated and oncogenic miRNAs are overexpressed in cancer cells (Farooqi et al, 2014;Mollaie et al, 2013;Orang et al, 2014). Differential expression of miRNAs has been studied in different cancers and high-throughput technologies have added new layers of information into the existing pool of knowledge (Ding et al, 2014;Diao et al, 2014).…”