miR-590–5p: A double-edged sword in the oncogenesis process

Natural flavonoids exhibit potent anticancer activity by targeting microRNAs in cancer: A signature step hinting towards clinical perfection

“…Most organisms express small non-coding RNAs called microRNAs (miRNAs), which have 21–23 nucleotides [57] , [58] , [59] . In addition, miRNAs account for 1-5% of the total human genome (∼28,000 miRNAs), which play an essential role in regulating gene expression post-translationally [60] .…”

“…In addition, miRNAs account for 1-5% of the total human genome (∼28,000 miRNAs), which play an essential role in regulating gene expression post-translationally [60] . Depending on the functions of the cell, miRNAs act as a tumor suppressors or oncogenes in various cancer types such as lung [ 58 , 59 ], breast [61] , ovarian [61] , prostate [57] , gastric [62] , colorectal [63] , brain cancers [64] . Upregulation of miRNAs may result in the repression of tumor suppressor gene expression.…”

“…The same observation of opposite miRNA expression is also reported for the miRNA that are downregulated in the liver after mutagenesis and for which an increase in expression was observed after polyphenol supplementation. Dysregulation of miRNAs has been implicated in many cancers [57] . Mechanistically, flavonoids (quercetin, silibilin, genistein, cyanidine-3-O-glucoside, epigallactin-3-gallate, Luteolin ) suppresses or activates miRNAs expression and modulating the regulation of apoptosis [Caspase-3/9, B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl 2), sirtuin 1 (Sirt1)/p53, ATP binding cassette subfamily E member 1 (ABCE1), multidrug resistance (MDR1), retinoid X receptor alpha (RxRα) forkhead Box O3 (FOXO3) phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)], cell proliferation (p21, and p27), migration and invasion [Smad-2/4, Slug, Sox-4, cyclin G2 (CCNG2), PTEN, Sprouty 2, zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB-1), E-Cadherin, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/ protein kinase B (Akt)].…”

The imminent role of microRNAs in salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma

“…Many miRNAs and their target molecules have been shown to play an important role in the growth and spread of SACC, as miRNAs can act as tumor suppressors or oncogenic in various malignancies. Moreover, miRNA can have dual role in a cancer type which further tells us about the specificity of miRNAs as dual role of these miRNA may depend upon race, ethnicty, and other clincopatholgical characteristics of the patients [17] . miRNAs are easily quantifiable using polymerase chain reaction methods, making them a good candidate for diagnostic/prognostic monitoring of cancers.…”

“…miRNAs are small non-coding RNAs composed of approximately 19-23 nucleotides that can either regulate or completely inhibit messenger RNA activity, ultimately leading to mRNA degradation [15] . Also, evidence suggests that miRNAs can aid in early cancer detection, supported by their aberrant expression in various cancer types and their sub-types [16] , [17] , [18] . Although miRNAs do not code for any protein, their capability remains stable in the extracellular matrix even after their release from a cell.…”