Mirau-based line-field confocal optical coherence tomography

Dubois, Arnaud; Xue, Weikai; Levecq, Olivier; Bulkin, Pavel; Coutrot, Anne-Lise; Ogien, Jonas

doi:10.1364/oe.389637

Cited by 21 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…High-resolution OCT can provide an excellent imaging technique for examining cellular characteristics and quantifying the properties of skin structures including full-field OCT (FF-OCT) [17][18][19] and line-field confocal OCT (LC-OCT). 20,21 Although FF-OCT is a good imaging tool for en face images, the frame rate of cross-sectional imaging (B-scan) is limited by the low brightness of light sources such as halogen lamps and light emitting diodes. 18,19 LC-OCT is a recently introduced technique for B-scan using a line camera and a supercontinuum light source that provides high-brightness capability for OCT imaging.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vivo dual-mode full-field optical coherence tomography for differentiation of types of melanocytic nevi

Tsai

et al. 2021

J. Biomed. Opt.

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. Significance: Melanocytic nevi represent the most common dermal melanocytic lesions in humans. Nevus is typically diagnosed clinically with the naked eye or with dermoscopy. However, it is essential to identify the type of nevus by invasive biopsy for histopathological examination. The use of noninvasive imaging tools can be used to evaluate the types of nevi to reduce unnecessary excisions of benign entities. Aim: To evaluate the feasibility of using en face and cross-sectional full-field optical coherence tomography (FF-OCT) in differentiation of melanocytic nevi that can facilitate the reduction of unnecessary excisions of benign entities. Approach: Dual-mode Mirau-type FF-OCT for cross-sectional imaging (B-scan) and en face imaging were used to distinguish the types of nevi. Results: Although the B-scan reveals the distribution of melanosomes, users can set a specific depth of the en face image to explore the morphology of surrounding skin cells instantly. According to the locations of nevus nests, the different types of nevi, including junction nevus and compound nevus, can be identified using this dual-mode FF-OCT system. Conclusions: Combining B-scan and en face imaging in vivo FF-OCT enables the examination and navigation of skin tissues in real time and in three dimensions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vivo dual-mode full-field optical coherence tomography for differentiation of types of melanocytic nevi

Tsai

et al. 2021

J. Biomed. Opt.

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“…Three imaging modalities are available: vertical or en-coupe, horizontal or en-face, and a 3D reconstruction either in a vertical or horizontal field of view. Details are described elsewhere [ 8 , 9 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Clinical and dermoscopical examinations are commonly used in the daily clinical practice to diagnose BCCs, but non-invasive optical diagnostic methods, such as optical coherence tomography (OCT) and reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM), have shown a high potential in early detection of clinically unclear BCCs, with diagnostic sensitivity and specificity over 90% [ 5 , 6 , 7 ]. Additionally, the new line-field confocal OCT (LC-OCT), with higher penetration depth than RCM (500 µm compared to 250 µm) and higher resolution than OCT (1 µm compared to 7.5–10 µm) [ 8 , 9 ], has recently been used to detect BCCs non-invasively according to morphological criteria in preliminary studies [ 10 , 11 , 12 ]. However, there are no studies focused on clinically unclear lesions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Line-Field Confocal Optical Coherence Tomography Increases the Diagnostic Accuracy and Confidence for Basal Cell Carcinoma in Equivocal Lesions: A Prospective Study

Gust

Schuh

Welzel

et al. 2022

Cancers

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Diagnosing clinically unclear basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) can be challenging. Line-field confocal optical coherence tomography (LC-OCT) is able to display morphological features of BCC subtypes with good histological correlation. The aim of this study was to investigate the accuracy of LC-OCT in diagnosing clinically unsure cases of BCC compared to dermoscopy alone and in distinguishing between superficial BCCs and other BCC subtypes. Moreover, we addressed pitfalls in false positive cases. We prospectively enrolled 182 lesions of 154 patients, referred to our department to confirm or to rule out the diagnosis of BCC. Dermoscopy and LC-OCT images were evaluated by two experts independently. Image quality, LC-OCT patterns and criteria, diagnosis, BCC subtype, and diagnostic confidence were assessed. Sensitivity and specificity of additional LC-OCT were compared to dermoscopy alone for identifying BCC in clinically unclear lesions. In addition, key LC-OCT features to distinguish between BCCs and non-BCCs and to differentiate superficial BCCs from other BCC subtypes were determined by linear regressions. Diagnostic confidence was rated as “high” in only 48% of the lesions with dermoscopy alone compared to 70% with LC-OCT. LC-OCT showed a high sensitivity (98%) and specificity (80%) compared to histology, and these were even higher (100% sensitivity and 97% specificity) in the subgroup of lesions with high diagnostic confidence. Interobserver agreement was nearly perfect (95%). The combination of dermoscopy and LC-OCT reached a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 81.2% in all cases and increased to sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 94.9% in cases with a high diagnostic confidence. The performance of LC-OCT was influenced by the image quality but not by the anatomical location of the lesion. The most specific morphological LC-OCT criteria in BCCs compared to non-BCCs were: less defined dermoepidermal junction (DEJ), hyporeflective tumor lobules, and dark rim. The most relevant features of the subgroup of superficial BCCs (sBCCs) were: string of pearls pattern and absence of epidermal thinning. Our diagnostic confidence, sensitivity, and specificity in detecting BCCs in the context of clinically equivocal lesions significantly improved using LC-OCT in comparison to dermoscopy only. Operator training for image acquisition is fundamental to achieve the best results. Not only the differential diagnosis of BCC, but also BCC subtyping can be performed at bedside with LC-OCT.

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“…Finely controlling the camera frequency allows for a gain in speed of a factor 1.4 compared with the previously reported Mirau-based LC-OCT device that operated at 12 fps. 15 In this previous setup, the fixed camera frequency imposed a linear depth scan, which limited the oscillation frequency of the PZT to maintain a depth scan with sufficient amplitude. The gain in speed may seem modest considering the almost three times faster camera used here.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mirau-based line-field confocal optical coherence tomography for three-dimensional high-resolution skin imaging

Xue

Ogien²,

Bulkin

et al. 2022

J. Biomed. Opt.

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Significance: Line-field confocal optical coherence tomography (LC-OCT) is a recently introduced high-resolution imaging modality based on a combination of low-coherence optical interferometry and reflectance confocal optical microscopy with line illumination and line detection. Capable of producing three-dimensional (3D) images of the skin with cellular resolution, in vivo , LC-OCT has been mainly applied in dermatology and dermo-cosmetology. The LC-OCT devices capable of acquiring 3D images reported so far are based on a Linnik interferometer using two identical microscope objectives. In this configuration, LC-OCT cannot be designed to be a very compact and light device, and the image acquisition speed is limited. Aim: The objective of this work was to develop a more compact and lighter LC-OCT device that is capable of acquiring images faster without significant degradation of the resolution and with optimized detection sensitivity. Approach: We developed an LC-OCT device based on a Mirau interferometer using a single objective. Dynamic adjustment of the camera frequency during the depth scan is implemented, using a faster camera and a more powerful light source. The reflectivity of the beam-splitter in the Mirau interferometer was optimized to maximize the detection sensitivity. A galvanometer scanner was incorporated into the device for scanning the illumination line laterally. A stack of adjacent B-scans, constituting a 3D image, can thus be acquired. Results: The device is able to acquire and display B-scans at 17 fps. 3D images with a quasi-isotropic resolution of (1.3, 1.9, and in the , and directions, respectively) over a field of ( ) can be obtained. 3D imaging of human skin at cellular resolution, in vivo , is reported. Conclusions: The acquisition rate of the B-scans, at 17 fps, is unprecedented in LC-OCT. Compared with the conventional LC-OCT devices based on a Linnik interferometer, the reported Mirau-based LC-OCT device can acquire B-scans times faster. With potential advantages in terms of compactness and weight, a Mirau-based device could easily be integrated into a smaller and lighter handheld probe for use by dermatologists in their daily medical practice.

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Mirau-based line-field confocal optical coherence tomography

Cited by 21 publications

References 39 publications

In vivo dual-mode full-field optical coherence tomography for differentiation of types of melanocytic nevi

In vivo dual-mode full-field optical coherence tomography for differentiation of types of melanocytic nevi

Line-Field Confocal Optical Coherence Tomography Increases the Diagnostic Accuracy and Confidence for Basal Cell Carcinoma in Equivocal Lesions: A Prospective Study

Mirau-based line-field confocal optical coherence tomography for three-dimensional high-resolution skin imaging

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