Mirror Movements in Acquired Neurological Disorders: A Mini-Review

Liu, Ping; Yuan, Yuan; Zhang, Ning; Liu, Xiaoyan; Yu, Lihua; Luo, Benyan

doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.736115

Cited by 7 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…[20][21][22][27][28][29] Regarding acquired neurological diseases, MM have been described mainly in pyramidal syndromes (in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and in non-paretic limbs of patients with hemiplegic stroke), in parkinsonian syndromes, in essential tremor and in Huntington's disease. 20,21 In Parkinson's disease (PD) patients,…”

Section: Mirror Movementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[34][35][36][37] Differently from PD, in cortico-basal syndrome (CBS) patients, MM have been usually described in the most affected hand. 20,21 There is not a definitive explanation for the different hand involvement in these two parkinsonian syndromes. Some authors hypothesized that MM might be more evident in the less affected side in PD patients due to the lower degree of rigidity and bradykinesia 34 ; however, this explanation would not fit the case of CBS patients.…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…39 Two mechanisms have been proposed so far to explain the pathophysiology of MM in neurological disorders. 14,[20][21][22]24,26 One is the presence of abnormal ipsilateral corticospinal projections. In this case, a motor command from M1 proceeds to the contralateral hand through the normally crossed corticospinal tract but also to the ipsilateral hand through abnormally uncrossed fibers (Fig.…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They are usually observed in the early stage of the disease and fade as the disease progress, possibly due to the increase in bradykinesia/hypokinesia 34–37 . Differently from PD, in cortico‐basal syndrome (CBS) patients, MM have been usually described in the most affected hand 20,21 . There is not a definitive explanation for the different hand involvement in these two parkinsonian syndromes.…”

Section: Mirror Movementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

A Reflection on Motor Overflow, Mirror Phenomena, Synkinesia and Entrainment

Quattrone

Latorre

Magrinelli

et al. 2023

Movement Disord Clin Pract

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In patients with movement disorders, voluntary movements can sometimes be accompanied by unintentional muscle contractions in other body regions. In this review, we discuss clinical and pathophysiological aspects of several motor phenomena including mirror movements, dystonic overflow, synkinesia, entrainment and mirror dystonia, focusing on their similarities and differences. These phenomena share some common clinical and pathophysiological features, which often leads to confusion in their definition. However, they differ in several aspects, such as the body part showing the undesired movement, the type of this movement (identical or not to the intentional movement), the underlying neurological condition, and the role of primary motor areas, descending pathways and inhibitory circuits involved, suggesting that these are distinct phenomena. We summarize the main features of these fascinating clinical signs aiming to improve the clinical recognition and standardize the terminology in research studies. We also suggest that the term “mirror dystonia” may be not appropriate to describe this peculiar phenomenon which may be closer to dystonic overflow rather than to the classical mirror movements.

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Section: Mirror Movementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mirror Movementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

A Reflection on Motor Overflow, Mirror Phenomena, Synkinesia and Entrainment

Quattrone

Latorre

Magrinelli

et al. 2023

Movement Disord Clin Pract

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Several studies have found a correlation between the performance of MMs and the patient’s motor function ( Kim et al, 2003 ; Hwang et al, 2005 ). Furthermore, MMs persist if the patient has a poor functional prognosis ( Liu et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface electromyography analysis of mirror movements under unilateral movement in stroke patients: A retrospective study

Dai

et al. 2022

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

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ObjectiveMirror movements (MMs) are common abnormal motor performance in patients with poststroke hemiparesis. The study aimed to utilize the Electromyography (EMG) characterization of MMs in stroke patients and explore the relationship between MMs and the motor function of affected limbs.MethodsSixty patients with stroke who had used to undergo clinical assessment and surface Electromyography (sEMG) were selected in this study. We investigated the standardized net excitation (SNE) and overflow percentage (OF) as a measure of mirror activities on bilateral muscles of stroke patients.ResultsIn stroke patients, mirror activities occurred in both affected and unaffected muscles during maximal contractions. We found that OF at unilateral contraction on the affected side (UCA) was significantly greater than that at unilateral contraction on the unaffected side (UCU). Additionally, a negative correlation between OF at UCA and Brunnstrom stages on admission and discharge. However, there were no significant correlations between OF and disease duration, Barthel Index, or the degree of improvement in all clinical evaluations. We still found a positive correlation between SNE at UCA and the improvement of the Brunnstrom stage of the hand. But we could not find any significant correlation between SNE and other clinical evaluation scores.ConclusionIn conclusion, the study found mirror activities in both affected and unaffected muscles, confirming an asymmetry between them. Although the mechanisms are still unclear, we confirmed a significant correlation between MMs at UCA and the motor function of the affected upper extremity, which might provide further evidences for understanding MMs in stroke patients and a new research direction on evaluation for motor function and outcomes of stroke patients.

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Subtle motor signs in children with ADHD and their white matter correlates

Hyde,

Fuelscher,

Rosch

et al. 2024

Human Brain Mapping

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Subtle motor signs are a common feature in children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It has long been suggested that white matter abnormalities may be involved in their presentation, though no study has directly probed this question. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between white matter organization and the severity of subtle motor signs in children with and without ADHD. Participants were 92 children with ADHD aged between 8 and 12 years, and 185 typically developing controls. Subtle motor signs were examined using the Physical and Neurological Examination for Soft Signs (PANESS). Children completed diffusion MRI, and fixel‐based analysis was performed after preprocessing. Tracts of interest were delineated using TractSeg including the corpus callosum (CC), the bilateral corticospinal tracts (CST), superior longitudinal fasciculus, and fronto‐pontine tracts (FPT). Fiber cross‐section (FC) was calculated for each tract. Across all participants, lower FC in the CST was associated with higher PANESS Total score (greater motor deficits). Within the PANESS, similar effects were observed for Timed Left and Right maneuvers of the hands and feet, with lower FC of the CST, CC, and FPT associated with poorer performance. No significant group differences were observed in FC in white matter regions associated with PANESS performance. Our data are consistent with theoretical accounts implicating white matter organization in the expression of motor signs in childhood. However, rather than contributing uniquely to the increased severity of soft motor signs in those with ADHD, white matter appears to contribute to these symptoms in childhood in general.

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Mirror Movements in Acquired Neurological Disorders: A Mini-Review

Cited by 7 publications

References 58 publications

A Reflection on Motor Overflow, Mirror Phenomena, Synkinesia and Entrainment

A Reflection on Motor Overflow, Mirror Phenomena, Synkinesia and Entrainment

Surface electromyography analysis of mirror movements under unilateral movement in stroke patients: A retrospective study

Subtle motor signs in children with ADHD and their white matter correlates

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