Miscellaneous standard methods for<i>Apis mellifera</i>research

Human, Hannelie; Brodschneider, Robert; Dietemann, Vincent; Dively, Galen P.; Ellis, Jamie; Forsgren, Eva; Fries, Ingemar; Hatjina, Fani; Hu, Fuliang; Jaffé, Rodolfo; Jensen, Annette Bruun; Köhler, Angela; Magyar, Josef P.; Özkýrým, Asli; Pirk, Christian Walter Werner; Rose, Robyn; Strauss, Ursula; Tanner, Gina; Tarpy, David R.; Steen, J.J.M. van der; Vaudo, Anthony D.; Vejsnæs, Fleming; Wilde, J.; Williams, Geoffrey R.; Zheng, Huoqing

doi:10.3896/ibra.1.52.4.10

Cited by 228 publications

(148 citation statements)

References 150 publications

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“…During the colony assessments, newly emerged bees (noted by their location near emerging pupae and their fuzzy appearance; Human et al, 2013) were painted using enamel paint markers, and 20 bees per hive were collected after 6 days. The marked, 7-day-old bees were stored in a −80°C freezer until analysis.…”

Section: Sample Collection Of Bees For Gene Expression Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal benefits of a natural propolis envelope to honey bee immunity and colony health

Borba

Klyczek

Mogen

et al. 2015

Journal of Experimental Biology

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Honey bees, as social insects, rely on collective behavioral defenses that produce a colony-level immune phenotype, or social immunity, which in turn impacts the immune response of individuals. One behavioral defense is the collection and deposition of antimicrobial plant resins, or propolis, in the nest. We tested the effect of a naturally constructed propolis envelope within standard beekeeping equipment on the pathogen and parasite load of large field colonies, and on immune system activity, virus and storage protein levels of individual bees over the course of a year. The main effect of the propolis envelope was a decreased and more uniform baseline expression of immune genes in bees during summer and autumn months each year, compared with the immune activity in bees with no propolis envelope in the colony. The most important function of the propolis envelope may be to modulate costly immune system activity. As no differences were found in levels of bacteria, pathogens and parasites between the treatment groups, the propolis envelope may act directly on the immune system, reducing the bees' need to activate the physiologically costly production of humoral immune responses. Colonies with a natural propolis envelope had increased colony strength and vitellogenin levels after surviving the winter in one of the two years of the study, despite the fact that the biological activity of the propolis diminished over the winter. A natural propolis envelope acts as an important antimicrobial layer enshrouding the colony, benefiting individual immunity and ultimately colony health.

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Section: Sample Collection Of Bees For Gene Expression Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal benefits of a natural propolis envelope to honey bee immunity and colony health

Borba

Klyczek

Mogen

et al. 2015

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…Pollen may contain Nosema spp. spores, and foragers collecting it ad libitum may contribute to the spread of nosemosis (Higes et al 2008a;Pettis et al 2012;Human et al 2013;Williams et al 2013). Pollen stored in comb cells in the form of bee bread, infected during foraging, may be a potential source of infection for new generations of bees (Martin-Hernandez et al 2007;Higes et al 2008a;Bourgeois et al 2010).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…by analysing a single insect or its body parts, e.g. salivary glands (Higes et al 2008b;Human et al 2013). The severity of infection depends on the microsporidian species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Nosema spp. in worker bees, pollen and bee bread during the honey flow season

Sokół

Michalczyk

2016

Acta Vet. Brno

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Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae are responsible for nosemosis in the honey bee (Apis mellifera). The aim of the study was to identify Nosema spp. during the honey flow season in bee colonies, for co-infection or no infection with Nosema apis/Nosema ceranae. Hive bees, forager bees, pollen grains brought by them, and bee bread were analysed. In the infected group, 12 of 30 samples of hive bees were infected with Nosema ceranae, 7 were co-infected, 3 were infected with Nosema apis. In samples of forager bees, 21 of 30 were co-infected, 8 were infected with Nosema ceranae. The analysis of pollen demonstrated that only 2 of 30 samples were infected with Nosema ceranae, 3 of 30 samples of bee bread were infected with Nosema ceranae, 3 were co-infected and 1 of 30 were infected with Nosema apis. In the uninfected group, 13 of 30 samples of hive bees were co-infected, 2 were infected with Nosema ceranae. In the forager bees group, 12 of 30 samples were co-infected, 2 were infected with Nosema ceranae. Only 1 pollen sample was infected with Nosema ceranae and 1 was co-infected, 2 of 30 samples of bee bread were co-infected, 2 were infected with Nosema ceranae. The study demonstrated that during the honey flow season, infection by microsporidian species occurs mainly in forager bees. Pollen and bee bread may be a source of spores mainly at the beginning of the honey flow season.

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“…spores were microscopically determined from each homogenate at 400x magnification. The spores were counted on the haemocytometer [31] and the average number of spores per bee was calculated [32] .…”

Section: Determination Of Nosema Infection Levelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Türkiye’deki Hijyenik Bal Arısı Islah Çalışması Süresince Nosema Enfeksiyon Düzeyinin Takibi

Tunca¹,

Oskay²,

Erginoglu³

2017

Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg

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The objective of this study was to follow Nosema infection levels and species under hygienic bee breeding program for resistance to American foulbrood (Paenibacillus larvae). The incidence of Nosema parasite infection levels and detection of the species of Nosema were evaluated in 5 periods during 2012-2014 for Mugla honey bees known as an ecotype of Apis mellifera anatoliaca in the hygienic bee breeding program. During the hygienic breeding program, no organic or synthetic chemical treatments were applied against nosemosis in the colonies. The incidences of Nosema spores were followed in 123 colonies at five time periods. Although the correlations were negative for between spores-temperature (r = -0.115; P>0.01) and positive for spores-humidity (r = 0.013; P>0.01) but not significant statistically. Molecular diagnosis showed that only N. ceranae spores were detected from samples during 5 seasons. In conclusion, nosema infection levels decreased under hygienic bee breeding programme but further monitoring studies should be performed in order to decide whether the nosema spores decrease due to hygienic behavior. To our knowledge, this is the first long-term and unique study for observation of Nosema during breeding program in Turkey so far. Keywords: Nosema ceranae, Nosema apis, Breeding program, Mugla ecotype, Turkey Türkiye'deki Hijyenik Bal Arısı Islah Çalışması Süresince NosemaEnfeksiyon Düzeyinin Takibi ÖzetBu çalışmada, Amerikan Yavru Çürüklüğü (Paenibacillus larvae) hastalığına dirençli olan hijyenik balarısı ıslah programında Nosema enfeksiyon düzeyinin takibi amaçlanmıştır. Islah programında Apis mellifera anatoliaca ekotipi olarak adlandırılan Muğla balarısında 2012-2014 yılları arasında 5 dönem boyunca Nosema türleri ve nosema enfeksiyon düzeyi belirlenmiştir. Islah çalışması süresince kolonilere nosema için her hangi bir ilaç uygulaması yapılmamıştır. Beş dönem boyunca 123 kovanın nosema sporu bulaşıklığı takip edilmiştir. Spor sayısı-sıcaklık arasında negatif korelasyon (r = -0.115; P>0.01) ve spor sayısı nispi nem arasında pozitif korelasyon (r = 0.013; P>0.01) bulunmasına karşın ilişki istatistiksel olarak önemli değildir. Moleküler tanımlamada, beş sezon boyunca alınan örneklerde yalnızca N. ceranae sporu tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, hijyenik arı yetiştirme programı süresince nosema enfeksiyon seviyeleri azaldığı gözlenmiştir. Fakat nosema sporlarının azalmasının nedeninin hijyenik davranışa bağlı olup olmadığına dair karar verebilmek için başka hijyenik çalışmalarda da gözlemler yapılmalıdır. Bu çalışma bugüne kadar Türkiye'deki ıslah program süresince Nosema düzeyinin takibini içeren en uzun süreli ve tek çalışmadır.

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Miscellaneous standard methods forApis melliferaresearch

Cited by 228 publications

References 150 publications

Seasonal benefits of a natural propolis envelope to honey bee immunity and colony health

Seasonal benefits of a natural propolis envelope to honey bee immunity and colony health

Detection of Nosema spp. in worker bees, pollen and bee bread during the honey flow season

Türkiye’deki Hijyenik Bal Arısı Islah Çalışması Süresince Nosema Enfeksiyon Düzeyinin Takibi

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