Particularly after the Arab Spring protests, the Middle East has witnessed an escalation of regional rivalry between Iran and Saudi Arabia perpetuated by a Sunni-Shiite divide that has manifested itself in political landscapes in Iraq, Bahrain, and proxy wars in Yemen and Syria. When US President Donald Trump visited Saudi Arabia in 2017, he recommended the establishment of the Middle East Strategic Alliance (MESA) that would act as a bulwark against Iran's regional ambitions.