Missbrauch von anabolen androgenen Steroiden

Lüderwald, Sybille; Zinka, B.; Thieme, Detlef; Eisenmenger, Wolfgang

doi:10.1007/s00194-008-0520-0

Cited by 19 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Some three clenbuterol-(out of 138 patients; 2.2%) and 34 of 6923 (0.5%) salbutamol-related fatalities were identified. Each of these clenbuterol fatalities had already been described [36][37][38] having been the result of a polydrug, in association with remaining IPEDs (e.g. AAS; thyroid hormone and tamoxifen), ingestion.…”

Section: Fatalitiesmentioning

confidence: 96%

β‐2 Agonists as Misusing Drugs? Assessment of both Clenbuterol‐ and Salbutamol‐related European Medicines Agency Pharmacovigilance Database Reports

Milano

Chiappini

Mattioli

et al. 2018

Basic Clin Pharma Tox

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A recent years' increase in misusing levels of image- and performance- enhancing drugs (IPEDs) has been observed. Out of these drugs, beta-2 agonists have recently emerged for their potential of misuse, especially for slimming and bodybuilding purposes. To this perspective, clenbuterol ('the size zero pill') has been reported as being both popular and widely available from the illegal market. All clenbuterol and salbutamol misuse/abuse/dependence/withdrawal/overdose/off-label spontaneous reports (2006-2016) from the European Medicines Agency (EMA) EudraVigilance (EV) database were collected and analysed by age range, gender, concomitant therapies and source of information. From the EV database, 55 of a total number of 920 'suspect' misuse/abuse/dependence/withdrawal/overdose/off-label ADRs (e.g. 5.97%; corresponding to 25 of 138 individuals) and 1310 of 62,879 ADRs (e.g. 2.08%; corresponding to 474 of 6923 individuals) were, respectively, associated with clenbuterol (typically ingested in combination with a range of anabolic steroids) and salbutamol. Proportional reporting ratio (PRR) value for misuse/abuse ADRs was higher (PRR = 18.38) for clenbuterol in comparison with salbutamol. Clenbuterol misuse/abuse could be a cause for major concern, especially in vulnerable individuals.

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Section: Fatalitiesmentioning

confidence: 96%

β‐2 Agonists as Misusing Drugs? Assessment of both Clenbuterol‐ and Salbutamol‐related European Medicines Agency Pharmacovigilance Database Reports

Milano

Chiappini

Mattioli

et al. 2018

Basic Clin Pharma Tox

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“…A comprehensive and up-to-date overview of SCD in athletes can be found in Borjesson and Pelliccia [ 55 ]. Occasionally, SCD cases occur in athletes with autoptically detectable significant myocardial hypertrophy after many years of taking anabolic steroids [ 62 ].…”

Section: Scd For Athletesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sudden cardiac death—update

et al. 2020

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Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is one of the most common causes of death worldwide with a higher frequency especially in the young. Therefore, SCD is represented frequently in forensic autopsy practice, whereupon pathological findings in the heart can explain acute death. These pathological changes may not only include myocardial infarction, coronary thrombosis, or all forms of myocarditis/endocarditis but also rare diseases such as hereditary structural or arrythmogenic anomalies, lesions of the cardiac conduction system, or primary cardiac tumours.

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“…Many patients can also be quite symptom-free. The diagnosis is then often made only at autopsy [68,32].…”

Section: Liver Damage Caused By Anabolic Steroids or Androgensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Doping stigmata as pathological clinical signs in the diagnostic field of sports anthropology

Raschka¹

2020

PoA

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An anthropometric and therefore cost-neutral screening approach as an indicator of the abuse of anabolic steroids by bodybuilders is the fat-free mass index (FFMI). Normalized to a body size of 1.80 m, the FFMI is calculated as follows: FFMI = lean mass (in kg) / body height (in m)² + 6.1 × (1.8 – body height (in m)). Furthermore, various physical and anthropological symptoms can be summarized as evidence of anabolic steroids or growth hormone abuse as doping signs or doping stigmata. Doping stigmata are usually identifiable doping signs in the external appearance. Typical doping signs for anabolic steroids are testicular atrophy, swollen, voluminous muscles with elusive smooth contours, exophthalmus, alopecia androgenetica, steroid acne, gynecomastia, cutis verticis gyrata, striae distensae, seborrhea, hematomas, an unproportional development of the upper body compared to the rest of the body and, in females, hirsutism, hypertrichosis, mammary atrophy and masculine growth in width, extreme reduction of subcutaneous fat percentage, lowering of the voice, clitoris hypertrophy, secondary amenorrhoea and the irreversible androgenization of a female fetus during pregnancy. Doping stigmata for growth hormone are gigantism, acromegaly, macroglossia, tooth gaps, prognathism, torus supraorbitalis, visceromegaly (cardiomyopathy, splenomegaly and hepatomegaly), hairs of wire brush consistency, edema, seborrhoea, skin thickening and hypertrichosis, cutis verticis gyrata and the reduction of the percentage of fat. Typical examples of doping signs of erythropoietin are plethora and rubeosis faciei. Doping stigmata of amphetamines are, for example, tachycardia, hypertension, decongestion, tremor, mydriasis or speed pimples.

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Missbrauch von anabolen androgenen Steroiden

Cited by 19 publications

References 14 publications

β‐2 Agonists as Misusing Drugs? Assessment of both Clenbuterol‐ and Salbutamol‐related European Medicines Agency Pharmacovigilance Database Reports

β‐2 Agonists as Misusing Drugs? Assessment of both Clenbuterol‐ and Salbutamol‐related European Medicines Agency Pharmacovigilance Database Reports

Sudden cardiac death—update

Doping stigmata as pathological clinical signs in the diagnostic field of sports anthropology

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