Missing at random assumption made more plausible: evidence from the 1958 British birth cohort

Mostafa, Tarek; Narayanan, Martina K.; Pongiglione, Benedetta; Dodgeon, Brian; Goodman, Alissa; Silverwood, Richard; Ploubidis, George B.

doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2021.02.019

Cited by 80 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…However, it must be acknowledged that confounding-adjusted analyses using complete cases were highly imprecise due to missing data in the exposures, outcome and confounding factors. However, these estimates are likely to be biased, as they are based on the sample that is highly selective due to attrition [ 68 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and early-life determinants of mid-life multimorbidity: evidence from the 1970 British birth cohort

Gondek¹,

Bann²,

Brown³

et al. 2021

BMC Public Health

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Background We sought to: [1] estimate the prevalence of multimorbidity at age 46–48 in the 1970 British Cohort Study—a nationally representative sample in mid-life; and [2] examine the association between early-life characteristics and mid-life multimorbidity. Method A prospective longitudinal birth cohort of a community-based sample from the 1970 British Cohort Study (BCS70). Participants included all surviving children born in mainland Britain in a single week in April 1970; the analytical sample included those with valid data at age 46–48 (n = 7951; 2016–2018). The main outcome was multimorbidity, which was operationalised as a binary indicator of two or more long-term health conditions where at least one of these conditions was of physical health. It also included symptom complexes (e.g., chronic pain), sensory impairments, and alcohol problems. Results Prevalence of mid-life multimorbidity was 33.8% at age 46–48. Those with fathers from unskilled social occupational class (vs professional) at birth had 43% higher risk of mid-life multimorbidity (risk ratio = 1.43, 95% confidence interval 1.15 to 1.77). After accounting for potential child and family confounding, an additional kilogram of birthweight was associated with 10% reduced risk of multimorbidity (risk ratio = 0.90, 95% confidence interval 0.84 to 0.96); a decrease of one body mass index point at age 10 was associated with 3% lower risk (risk ratio = 1.03, 95% confidence interval 1.01 to 1.05); one standard deviation higher cognitive ability score at age 10 corresponded to 4% lower risk (risk ratio = 0.96, 95% confidence interval 0.91 to 1.00); an increase of one internalising problem at age 16 was equated with 4% higher risk (risk ratio = 1.04, 95% confidence interval 1.00 to 1.08) and of one externalising problem at age 16 with 6% higher risk (risk ratio = 1.06, 1.03 to 1.09). Conclusion Prevalence of multimorbidity was high in mid-life (33.8% at age 46–48) in Britain. Potentially modifiable early-life exposures, including early-life social circumstances, cognitive, physical and emotional development, were associated with elevated risk of mid-life multimorbidity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and early-life determinants of mid-life multimorbidity: evidence from the 1970 British birth cohort

Gondek¹,

Bann²,

Brown³

et al. 2021

BMC Public Health

Self Cite

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“…Third, it is possible that our examination of moderation by residential mobility could be under-powered through dichotomizing moving status, but this will need to be tested in other data sets with more consistent collection of mobility data over time. Fourth, as in any longitudinal study, attrition occurred across both samples [39,40]. However, attrition bias is most likely to create underestimates of neighborhood effects on health over time, given that cohort members residing in the most deprived neighborhoods, with the highest BMIs, would be the most likely to leave this study; both through non-response and mortality.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Life Course Neighborhood Deprivation Effects on Body Mass Index: Quantifying the Importance of Selective Migration

Murray

Nicholas

Norman

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Neighborhood effects research is plagued by the inability to circumvent selection effects —the process of people sorting into neighborhoods. Data from two British Birth Cohorts, 1958 (ages 16, 23, 33, 42, 55) and 1970 (ages 16, 24, 34, 42), and structural equation modelling, were used to investigate life course relationships between body mass index (BMI) and area deprivation (addresses at each age linked to the closest census 1971–2011 Townsend score [TOWN], re-calculated to reflect consistent 2011 lower super output area boundaries). Initially, models were examined for: (1) area deprivation only, (2) health selection only and (3) both. In the best-fitting model, all relationships were then tested for effect modification by residential mobility by inclusion of interaction terms. For both cohorts, both BMI and area deprivation strongly tracked across the life course. Health selection, or higher BMI associated with higher area deprivation at the next study wave, was apparent at three intervals: 1958 cohort, BMI at age 23 y and TOWN at age 33 y and BMI at age 33 y and TOWN at age 42 y; 1970 cohort, BMI at age 34 y and TOWN at age 42 y, while paths between area deprivation and BMI at the next interval were seen in both cohorts, over all intervals, except for the association between TOWN at age 23 y and BMI at age 33 y in the 1958 cohort. None of the associations varied by moving status. In conclusion, for BMI, selective migration does not appear to account for associations between area deprivation and BMI across the life course.

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“…Despite being embedded in long standing studies, surveys during the pandemic were selective. While we corrected for this using weights derived for each study, bias due to selective non-response cannot be excluded (25). Similarly, bias due to unmeasured confounding cannot be ruled out and could be influential considering the small magnitude of the risk ratios observed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The UK Coronavirus Job Retention Scheme and changes in diet, physical activity and sleep during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from eight longitudinal studies

Wielgoszewska

Maddock

Green

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Background: In March 2020 the UK implemented the Coronavirus Job Retention Scheme (furlough) to minimize job losses. Our aim was to investigate associations between furlough and diet, physical activity, and sleep during the early stages of the pandemic. Methods: We analysed data from 25,092 participants aged 16 to 66 years from eight UK longitudinal studies. Changes in employment (including being furloughed) were defined by comparing employment status pre- and during the first lockdown. Health behaviours included fruit and vegetable consumption, physical activity, and sleeping patterns. Study-specific estimates obtained using modified Poisson regression, adjusting for socio-demographic characteristics and pre-pandemic health and health behaviours, were statistically pooled. Associations were also stratified by sex, age, and education. Findings: Across studies, between 8 and 25% of participants were furloughed. Compared to those who remained working, furloughed workers were slightly less likely to be physically inactive (RRR:0.85, [0.75-0.97], I2=58.7%) and did not differ in diet and sleep behaviours. In stratified analyses, furlough was associated with low fruit and vegetable consumption among males (RRR=1.11; 95%CI: 1.01-1.22; I2: 0%) but not females (RRR=0.84; 95%CI: 0.68-1.04; I2: 65%). Considering change in behaviour, furloughed workers were more likely than those who remained working to report increased fruit and vegetable consumption, exercise, and hours of sleep. Interpretation: Those furloughed exhibited broadly similar levels of health behaviours with those who remained in employment during the initial stages of the pandemic. Social protection policies in the post-pandemic recovery period and during future economic crises may help protect population health. Funding: Medical Research Council.

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Missing at random assumption made more plausible: evidence from the 1958 British birth cohort

Cited by 80 publications

References 35 publications

Prevalence and early-life determinants of mid-life multimorbidity: evidence from the 1970 British birth cohort

Prevalence and early-life determinants of mid-life multimorbidity: evidence from the 1970 British birth cohort

Life Course Neighborhood Deprivation Effects on Body Mass Index: Quantifying the Importance of Selective Migration

The UK Coronavirus Job Retention Scheme and changes in diet, physical activity and sleep during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from eight longitudinal studies

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