Missing the target: group practices that launch and deflect slurs

When is Self-Labeling Seen as Reclaiming? The Role of User and Observer's Sexual Orientation in Processing Homophobic and Category Labels’ use

“…Derogatory group labels (DGL) convey negative attitudes toward a group and its members; however, their meaning depends on the use and user's intents (Croom, 2011(Croom, , 2013a and evolves over time (Hom, 2008). Although DGLs have been conceptualized as terms with expressive content (Hedger, 2013), DGLs can be interpreted differently when picked up by a minority group and used in nonmalicious ways (Croom, 2013b(Croom, , 2018Rahman, 2015). For instance, racial and sexist DGLs used among ingroup members are perceived as nonderogatory (Kennedy, 2003;Kleinman et al, 2009), fostering bonds and solidarity among ingroup members (Croom, 2011).…”

“…Galinsky et al (2003) suggested that re-appropriation happens within the minority group before being acknowledged by the majority group. Minority group members use DGLs to self-label and label each other nonpejoratively allowing them to bond (see Bianchi, 2014; Croom, 2014; Rahman, 2015). Hence, minorities, more than majority individuals, may be likely to recognize a DGL self-labeling use as an instance of reappropriation.…”

The Effect of Gender and Relational Distance on Plaintiff Decision Making in the Litigation Process

“…If they have had regular and pleasant personal interactions with the opposing party, the pressure to be “nice” and to maintain the good feelings and “interpersonal harmony” (Morgan : 88) in the relationship could dissuade their pursuit of legal action. Given that women who are proactive in the arena of women's rights are often tagged with the now‐derisive label of “feminist” or even “bit‐h” (Anderson ; Aronson ; Burn et al ; Olson et al ; Rahman ), a female might be especially reluctant to bring suit over this type of case knowing that the opponent–whom she might know quite well—could invoke these terms against her.…”