“…Some of these concern studies which analyze macro-level phenomena such as the digital divide (Guillén & Suárez, 2005;Norris, 2001;Notten, Peter, Kraaykamp, & Valkenburg, 2009); others focus on specific topics such as online safety (e.g., EU Kids Online: Livingstone, Kirwil, Ponte, & Staksrud, 2014;Lobe, Livingstone, Ólafsson, & Vodeb, 2011;Notten & Nikken, 2016) or the diffusion of internet jokes (Shifman, Levy, & Thelwall, 2014). Yet one of the core intrinsic properties that internet theorists have distinguished, the ability to increase democracy and 'global understanding' through its connectivity has hardly been empirically studied (Curran, Fenton, & Freedman, 2012;Zuckerman, 2013). One notable exception is the research by Norris and Inglehart Cosmopolitanism and openness toward foreign culture…”