Mitigating Human‐Wildlife Conflict and Retaliatory Poisonings in India to Preserve Biodiversity and Maintain Sustainable Livelihoods

Venkataramanan, R.; Sreekumar, C.

doi:10.1002/9781119998532.ch4

Cited by 4 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…2), tentatively identified as carbofuran, a carbamate pesticide widely available in Kerala and sold under various trade names (e.g. ‘Furadan’) (Cheeran 2007; Ragothaman and Chirukandoth 2012). Based on these findings, the macaque was suspected to have died of carbofuran poisoning after consuming pesticide-laced food.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They are generally viewed as pests and forest department officials often deal with complaints from the public when macaques steal food from local homes or restaurants, damage property or display aggression (Rohini et al 2016). Incidents of deliberate poisoning of macaques are thus not uncommon (Ragothaman and Chirukandoth 2012).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The report also reinforces the need for considering poisoning as a differential diagnosis in investigations of wildlife mortality events, irrespective of whether the primary cause of mortality can be established or not. This is particularly relevant given the proximity of wildlife habitats to human settlements and agricultural land in biodiversity-rich regions of the world such as India (Ragothaman and Chirukandoth 2012). A thorough investigation of the immediate environment and circumstances of the mortality may raise suspicion of poisoning as a differential diagnosis.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Poisoning is an important cause of wildlife mortality, and in some instances has been responsible for extensive population declines (Green et al 2004). Primary exposure to poisons occurs when wildlife are intentionally poisoned for hunting (Ogada 2014) or due to human-wildlife conflict (Venkataramanan et al 2008; Ragothaman and Chirukandoth 2012). Accidental poisoning may occur by secondary exposure to poisons in the environment or via contaminated food sources.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the threats posed by intentional or accidental poisoning to wildlife in India have long been recognised (Spillett 1967), statistics on the proportion of wildlife deaths attributable to poisoning are lacking. Poisons or chemicals detected in wildlife in India include organochlorine (OC) (Kannan et al 2005; Pathak 2011), organophosphate (OP) (Pain et al 2004; Kalaivanan et al 2011) or carbamate pesticides (Venkataramanan et al 2008) and rodenticides (Ragothaman and Chirukandoth 2012). Ragothaman and Chirukandoth (2012) listed 15 separate incidents of pesticide poisoning in wildlife between 2000 and 2010, including six instances (40%) of OP and four instances (27%) of carbamate pesticide poisoning.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A note on wildlife poisoning cases from Kerala, South India

Radhakrishnan

2018

Eur J Wildl Res

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Wildlife poisoning is an important conservation threat for endangered species in India. There are no publications in the scientific literature that identify the specific poisons or chemicals involved in wildlife poisoning cases from the state of Kerala. In this report, all cases of wildlife mortality recorded between 2011 and 2013 at the office of the Assistant Forest Veterinary Officer, Periyar Tiger Reserve in Kerala were reviewed and cases where poisoning was considered as a differential diagnosis were identified. Specific poisons or chemicals were identified in three cases, while in a fourth, poisoning was determined to have occurred based on physical traces of the poison in gut contents. The poisons identified include carbofuran (a carbamate pesticide) in a bonnet macaque (Macaca radiata), warfarin (a rodenticide) in a mortality event involving four wild boars (Sus scrofa), endosulfan (an organochlorine pesticide) toxicity in a gaur (Bos gaurus) and imidacloprid (a neonicotinoid pesticide) toxicity in a wild adult Asian elephant (Elephas maximus). This communication thus reports for the first time on the specific chemical compounds identified in wildlife poisoning cases from Kerala state and argues for greater regulation of the sale and use of such toxic compounds in India.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A note on wildlife poisoning cases from Kerala, South India

Radhakrishnan

2018

Eur J Wildl Res

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Toxic Effects of Pesticides on Avian Fauna

Mitra¹,

Chatterjee

Sarkar³

et al. 2020

Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World

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Reported mortality of Griffon VultureGyps fulvusin central Italy and indications for conservation and management

Posillico¹,

Costanzo

Bottoni

et al. 2023

Bird Conservation International

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Summary Vultures are long-lived species sensitive to human-caused mortality that has already determined a widespread collapse in Asian and African populations. They provide significant ecosystem services (regulatory and cultural) consuming livestock carcasses and saving greenhouse gas emissions, favouring nutrient recycling, environmental sanitation, and providing financial revenue. Appraising the incidence and causes of mortality could help to improve management and conservation actions. We compiled records of reported mortalities for the reintroduced Griffon Vulture Gyps fulvus population of the central Apennines in Italy (123 cases, July 1994–December 2020). The average mortality was 4.69 vultures per year (± 1.14 SE), with no significant temporal trend. The peak of mortality events, estimated by harmonic regression analysis, was in March, while the minimum occurred in October. No differences were found among age classes and sex ratio mortality was established at 1.43:1 (M:F, N = 68). Out of 103 (83.7%) vultures which underwent a post-mortem and toxicological screening, 53% were poisoned, mainly by carbamates, and 27% died of unknown causes. Overall, direct or indirect anthropogenic mortality caused 67% of deaths. Even considering an inherent bias associated with reported mortality as to the prevalence of causes of death and estimation of mortality rates, the overwhelming relevance of poisoning highlights that existing anti-poisoning efforts should be refined and incorporated into a coordinated multidisciplinary strategy. A standardised approach, from vulture carcass discovery to post-mortem procedures and toxicological analysis, should be applied to reduce uncertainty in the determination of causes of death, increasing effectiveness in the prosecution of wildlife crimes. As most of the poisoning cases affecting the Griffon Vulture population in the central Apennines likely represent a side (though illegal) effect of retaliatory efforts to defeat livestock predators, effective strategies in reducing human–wildlife conflicts should be applied.

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Mitigating Human‐Wildlife Conflict and Retaliatory Poisonings in India to Preserve Biodiversity and Maintain Sustainable Livelihoods

Cited by 4 publications

References 28 publications

A note on wildlife poisoning cases from Kerala, South India

A note on wildlife poisoning cases from Kerala, South India

Toxic Effects of Pesticides on Avian Fauna

Reported mortality of Griffon VultureGyps fulvusin central Italy and indications for conservation and management

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