“…The residual sediments of crude vegetable oils have been reported to be a potential source for the formation of MCPDE. [ 31 ] However, the compatibility, technical feasibility, and interplay between removing the sediments and other refining steps such as degumming, bleaching, and deodorization are currently not known. Accordingly, in this work we explored how the MCPD mitigation benefit of removing these residual sediments is impacted when the process is integrated into a full physical refining including degumming, bleaching, and deodorization.…”