Mitigating the Impact of Congestion Minimization on Vehicles’ Emissions in a Transportation Road Network

A Comprehensive Survey and Future Directions on Optimising Sustainable Urban Mobility

“…There were eight studies that applied traffic management techniques and optimisation. The transport modes included cars [46,58,60,136] and multimodal networks of bicycles, buses, cars, rail, and shared mobility systems [95], of buses and cars [157], and of buses, rail systems, and cars [125]. The decision variables included network design (corridors and/or stations' location, routes) [58,64,95,125], network modifications (to reverse road traffic flow or to leave it unaltered) [136], frequencies setting [95,125,197], fleet sizing [197], policy variables [58,125,157], modal split [64], and traffic management [46,60].…”

“…The transport modes included cars [46,58,60,136] and multimodal networks of bicycles, buses, cars, rail, and shared mobility systems [95], of buses and cars [157], and of buses, rail systems, and cars [125]. The decision variables included network design (corridors and/or stations' location, routes) [58,64,95,125], network modifications (to reverse road traffic flow or to leave it unaltered) [136], frequencies setting [95,125,197], fleet sizing [197], policy variables [58,125,157], modal split [64], and traffic management [46,60]. For decisions on policy variables, Dantsuji et al [157] sought to determine the level of congestion pricing for the cars and the road space required for both two modes (buses and cars), e.g., using mixed or dedicated lanes, Li et al [58] aimed to design a toll model, and Amirgholy et al [125] analysed different scenarios with mixed network (bus), dedicated lanes (BRT) and parallel network (metro).…”

“…Objective functions were related to minimise traffic density/volume [46,136,197], travel times [197], congestion cost [157], total system travel disutility and each road user's travel disutility [58], passengers', operators', and external costs [125], total passengers' travel times, construction costs, modal shift value, and balanced use value [95], travel delay, stops, fuel consumption, and integrated performance index (including CO, HC and NO x emissions) [60], total vehicles' emissions cost [136], and to maximise traffic flow [46]. At last, as the decision variable of Feng et al [64] was whether to implement a policy instrument (bus fare, additional private car toll, bus lane construction, and large-scale bus fleet purchase) to change the current modal split into a more sustainable one, the objective function aimed to minimise the difference between the actual and desired proportion of each mode after a combination of traffic demand management policy instruments.…”

Lot streaming Permutation Flow shop with energy awareness

“…This would reduce the negative impacts of climate change by reducing carbon emissions [2] [3]. One of the most direct ways to reduce these emissions is to reduce energy consumption, since reducing energy consumption reduce the combustion of fossil fuels [4]. Within the production of manufactured products, the reduction of energy consumption can be approached from three different perspectives [5] [6]: 1.…”