Mitigating the Impact of Thermal Binder Removal for Direct Li-Ion Battery Recycling

Ross, B.A.; LeResche, Michael; Liu, Donghao; Durham, Jessica L.; Dahl, Erik U.; Lipson, Albert L.

doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c03424

Cited by 40 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…[ 139–141 ] Obsolete binders and additives will have to be removed in advance to further recovery steps of active materials. [ 142,143 ] Despite recent progress regarding direct recovery of electrode active materials, [ 144,145 ] an additional upscaling of electrode chemistries will be necessary in many cases, as decommissioned batteries will likely contain outdated electrode chemistries. Although first results have been published, for example, the upscaling of LCO to LiNi 1/3 Mn 1/3 Co 1/3 O 2 , [ 146 ] this represents one of the major challenges to be tackled within the next few years. Several recycling processes are likely to cause impurities in directly recovered electrodes such as aluminum or copper fragments from the current collectors.…”

Section: Battery 2030+: Research Areasmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Roadmap for Transforming Research to Invent the Batteries of the Future Designed within the European Large Scale Research Initiative BATTERY 2030+

Amici

Asinari

Ayerbe

et al. 2022

Advanced Energy Materials

123

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This roadmap presents the transformational research ideas proposed by “BATTERY 2030+,” the European large‐scale research initiative for future battery chemistries. A “chemistry‐neutral” roadmap to advance battery research, particularly at low technology readiness levels, is outlined, with a time horizon of more than ten years. The roadmap is centered around six themes: 1) accelerated materials discovery platform, 2) battery interface genome, with the integration of smart functionalities such as 3) sensing and 4) self‐healing processes. Beyond chemistry related aspects also include crosscutting research regarding 5) manufacturability and 6) recyclability. This roadmap should be seen as an enabling complement to the global battery roadmaps which focus on expected ultrahigh battery performance, especially for the future of transport. Batteries are used in many applications and are considered to be one technology necessary to reach the climate goals. Currently the market is dominated by lithium‐ion batteries, which perform well, but despite new generations coming in the near future, they will soon approach their performance limits. Without major breakthroughs, battery performance and production requirements will not be sufficient to enable the building of a climate‐neutral society. Through this “chemistry neutral” approach a generic toolbox transforming the way batteries are developed, designed and manufactured, will be created.

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Section: Battery 2030+: Research Areasmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Roadmap for Transforming Research to Invent the Batteries of the Future Designed within the European Large Scale Research Initiative BATTERY 2030+

Amici

Asinari

Ayerbe

et al. 2022

Advanced Energy Materials

123

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“…4 section I, the evolved gases (C x H y , CO 2 , and H 2 O) indicate dissociation or decomposition of an organic compound, which could be the binder and/or residual solvents. PVDF, as a binder, is spread on the particles to maintain a bond between the cathode/anode active material, current collectors, and acetylene black [29,30]. With the decomposition of PVDF, it is possible for the acetylene black to oxidize.…”

Section: Bm From Lco Batteriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Temperature Behavior of Spent Li-Ion Battery Black Mass in Inert Atmosphere

Babanejad

Ahmed

Andersson

et al. 2022

J. Sustain. Metall.

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The increased demand for Li-ion batteries has prompted the scientific community to improve recycling routes in order to reuse the valuable materials in batteries. After their end-of-life, the batteries are collected, discharged, and mechanically disintegrated, generating plastic and metallic streams that are recycled directly; this leaves behind a small particle size fraction known as black mass (BM). BM is composed mainly of graphite and Li-metal complex oxides. Pyrometallurgy is a route known for recycling of BM, in which identifying the BM’s behavior at high temperatures is essential. In this study, two types of BM are characterized in two fractions of 150–700 µm and smaller than 150 µm. The thermal behavior of the BM is studied with thermal analysis techniques. The analyses demonstrate that the mineralogical and morphological properties of the two fractions do not significantly differ, while the amounts of C and organic materials might vary. When the BM was thermally treated, the binders decomposed until a temperature of 500 ℃ was reached, where the volatilization of hydrocarbons was observed, although F mostly persisted in the BM. The Li-metal oxide was partially reduced to lower oxides and Li carbonate at ⁓ 600 ℃, and the main mass loss was caused by carbothermic reduction immediately thereafter. As the products of this process, metallic Co and Ni phases were formed, and part of the graphite remained unreacted. Regarding the Li behavior, it was observed that in the presence of Al, AlLiO2 is the most likely composition to form, and it changes to LiF by increasing the F concentration in the composition. Graphical Abstract

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“…The nano-particles of carbon black were not detectable with this analytical tool which has a micrometer-scale resolution. However, Ross et al (2020) reported that carbon black decomposes at around 500°C, and therefore it should not be present after the pyrolysis stage. If residuals of carbon black remain, they will not have a significant impact on the general carbon content.…”

Section: Figure 9 Example Of the Lithium Metal Oxides Caractegorizer With Lco And Nmc Categories Applied To The Different Size Fractions mentioning

confidence: 99%

Automated mineralogy as a novel approach for the compositional and textural characterization of spent lithium-ion batteries

Vanderbruggen¹,

Gugala²,

Blannin³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Mechanical recycling processes aim to separate particles based on their physical properties, such as size, shape and density, and physico-chemical surface properties, such as wettability. Secondary materials, including electronic waste, are highly complex and heterogeneous, which complicates recycling processes. In order to improve recycling efficiency, characterization of both recycling process feed materials and intermediate products is crucial. Textural characteristics of particles in waste mixtures cannot be determined by conventional characterization techniques, such as X-ray fluorescence and Xray diffraction spectroscopy. This paper presents the application of automated mineralogy as an analytical tool, capable of describing discrete particle characteristics for monitoring and diagnosis of lithium ion battery (LIB) recycling approaches. Automated mineralogy, which is well established for the analysis of primary raw materials but has not yet been tested on battery waste, enables the acquisition of textural and chemical information, such as elemental and phase composition, morphology, association and degree of liberation. For this study, a thermo-mechanically processed black mass (< 1 mm fraction) from spent LIBs was characterized with automated mineralogy. Each particle was categorized based on which LIB component it comprised: Al foil, Cu foil, graphite, lithium metal oxides and alloys from casing. A more selective liberation of the anode components was achieved by thermo-mechanical treatment, in comparison to the cathode components. Therefore, automated mineralogy can provide vital information for understanding the properties of black mass particles, which determine the success of mechanical recycling processes. The introduced methodology is not limited to the presented case study and is applicable for the optimization of different separation unit operations in recycling of waste electronics and batteries. Element and LIB components Spectra examples and name for the reference list Cu from foilAl from foil C from graphite Metals from lithium metal oxides: Co, Ni, Mn and mix Si from filler particles Others from alloys particlesSupplementary material S2 -Compositional thresholds of the collected spectra.

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Mitigating the Impact of Thermal Binder Removal for Direct Li-Ion Battery Recycling

Cited by 40 publications

References 31 publications

A Roadmap for Transforming Research to Invent the Batteries of the Future Designed within the European Large Scale Research Initiative BATTERY 2030+

A Roadmap for Transforming Research to Invent the Batteries of the Future Designed within the European Large Scale Research Initiative BATTERY 2030+

High-Temperature Behavior of Spent Li-Ion Battery Black Mass in Inert Atmosphere

Automated mineralogy as a novel approach for the compositional and textural characterization of spent lithium-ion batteries

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