Mitigating Urban Heat Island Effects in Tehran Metropolitan Area

Shahmohamadi, P.; Cubasch, Ulrich; Sodoudi, Sahar; Che‐Ani, Adi Irfan

doi:10.5772/50591

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Primarily, LST and SUHI have been derived from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) AVHRR data [30]. After that, Landsat's Thematic Mapper (TM) and Landsat's Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) were widely employed to retrieve surface temperatures [30,45,46]. Srivastava et al [47] estimated surface temperature in the Singhbhum Shear Zone of India.…”

Section: Satellite Measurements Of Urban Heat Islandmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on Remote Sensing of Urban Heat and Cool Islands

Rasul

Balzter

Smith

et al. 2017

Land

127

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Abstract:The variation between land surface temperature (LST) within a city and its surrounding area is a result of variations in surface cover, thermal capacity and three-dimensional geometry. The objective of this research is to review the state of knowledge and current research to quantify surface urban heat islands (SUHI) and surface urban cool islands (SUCI). In order to identify open issues and gaps remaining in this field, we review research on SUHI/SUCI, the models for simulating UHIs/UCIs and techniques used in this field were appraised. The appraisal has revealed some great progress made in surface UHI mapping of cities located in humid and vegetated (temperate) regions, whilst few studies have investigated the spatiotemporal variation of surface SUHI/SUCI and the effect of land use/land cover (LULC) change on LST in arid and semi-arid climates. While some progress has been made, models for simulating UHI/UCI have been advancing only slowly. We conclude and suggest that SUHI/SUCI in arid and semi-arid areas requires more in-depth study.

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Section: Satellite Measurements Of Urban Heat Islandmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on Remote Sensing of Urban Heat and Cool Islands

Rasul

Balzter

Smith

et al. 2017

Land

127

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“…In recent decades, Tehran has been experiencing environmental problems, such as UHI [31][32][33] and urban air pollution (UAP) [34,35] that has impacted the health and even endangered the lives of local residents. UHI and UAP have a common source and interact with each other [4,8].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal Variations of the Surface Urban Heat Island in a Semi-Arid City

et al. 2016

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Abstract:The process of the surface urban heat island (SUHI) varies with latitude, climate, topography and meteorological conditions. This study investigated the seasonal variability of SUHI in the Tehran metropolitan area, Iran, with respect to selected surface biophysical variables. Terra Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Land Surface Temperature (LST) was retrieved as nighttime LST data, while daytime LST was retrieved from Landsat 8 Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) using the split-window algorithm. Both data covered the time period from September 2013 to September 2015. To assess SUHI intensity, we employed three SUHI indicators, i.e., the LST difference of urban-rural, that of urban-agriculture and that of urban-water. Physical and biophysical surface variables, including land use and land cover (LULC), elevation, impervious surface (IS), fractional vegetation cover (FVC) and albedo, were selected to estimate the relationship between LST seasonal variability and the surface properties. Results show that an inversion of the SUHI phenomenon (i.e., surface urban cool island) existed at daytime with the maximal value of urban-rural LST difference of´4 K in March; whereas the maximal value of SUHI at nighttime yielded 3.9 K in May. When using the indicators of urban-agriculture and urban-water LST differences, the maximal value of SUHI was found to be 8.2 K and 15.5 K, respectively. Both results were observed at daytime, suggesting the role of bare soils in the inversion of the SUHI phenomenon with the urban-rural indicator. Maximal correlation was observed in the relationship between night LST and elevation in spring (coefficient:´0.76), night LST and IS in spring (0.60), night LST and albedo in winter (´0.53) and day LST with fractional vegetation cover in summer (´0.41). The relationship between all surface properties with LST possessed large seasonal variations, and thus, using these relationships for SUHI modeling may not be effective. The only exception existed in the correlation between elevation and IS, which may be useful to simulate the SUHI at night. This study suggests that in semi-arid cities, such as Tehran, with the urban-rural indicator, a surface urban cool island may be observed in daytime while SUHI at nighttime; with other indicators, SUHI can be observed in both day and night. Thus, SUHI studies require the acquisition of remote sensing image data at both daytime and nighttime and careful selection of SUHI indicators.

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“…The study seeks to investigate the "heat-island" effectthe phenomenon whereby 'heat that is absorbed during the day by buildings, roads, and other constructions in an urban area is re-emitted after sunset, resulting in areas of intense temperature differences that aggravate the formation and duration of smog'. 34 Upon this premise, the study therefore implies that the primary pollution problem for Tehran is that there are too many buildings, too many roads, too many constructionsin short, too much of all the 10 paraphernalia that constitutes a booming modern city.…”

Section: Satellite Image 2: Tehran Smogmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hazing Iran: Satellite Imagery, Human Rights, and City as Camp

Zhang

2014

Architecture_MPS

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As perhaps most obviously evidenced in the political maneuverings that led up to the second Gulf War in 2003, the use of satellite imagery to document spatial terrain is often, and almost instantly, politicized. In the two images presented here, this politicization takes on a two-way relationship and is open to contrasting and inevitably dualistic readings. One way of describing their relationship is as “Target” and “Aftermath”. On the left, we have an image of the nuclear plant near the Iranian city of Qom, annotated in this version by the US security services to highlight ‘suspicious’ activity said to evidence the nuclear ambitions of the Iranian government. On the right, we are presented with an image of Tehran under heavy smog in 2013 released by the Iranian government itself. Although the official Iranian explanation for this smog is the general population density and industrialization of the city, it has now been acknowledged, or is at least extensively argued, that the pollution it documents is a direct result of the economic sanctions imposed by the United States in 2010 that banned the sale of refined fuel to the country. Facing a major energy crisis that would completely stall the economy, the Iranian government opted to produce a “bathtub mix” of far inferior quality oil that has been releasing deadly exhaust into the already dense air of Iran for the past three years. The “Target”, as the first image shows, is Iran’s nuclear program, which lies at the crux of complicated historical animosities currently evident between the US and Iranian governments. Taken at very high resolution (2.5 meters per pixel) from outer space, the image presents itself as tunnel-vision precision — each point is a piece of data and each piece of data details coordinates, date, and time. It is on the back of such supposed satellite precision that the crippling economic sanctions of the US’s policy of containment are justified. However, the aftermath of these sanctions has not been the cessation of Iran’s nuclear program, but rather the suffocation of Tehran. Indeed, it has been argued that the inhabitants of Tehran are almost literally “choking to death”. By the standards of the sanctions’ purported aims, the result seems more an egregious misfire than a successful piece of foreign policy. The reality behind these images and their conflicting ascribed narratives is far from clear. The effects on the people of Iran are also not only equally unclear, they are deliberately hazed. Employing Giorgio Agamben’s notions of the abstraction of the citizen to ‘bare life’ and its corollary of the ‘Camp’ as the 'Nomos' of the Modern, this paper attempts to decipher these images, their politicized readings, and the way in which the sites of human life in and near their locations – the occupants of the city of Qom in the first instance and those of Tehran in the second – have been conspicuously erased. It will argue that this visual erasure from spatial representation has fundamental implications for the human rights of the inhabitants of these cities and, by extension, Iran and a politicized world more generally. In doing so, it will suggest that as spaces and places of political conflict are ever more frequently presented through the medium of the satellite image, a deeply politicized reading of their structures, narratives and spatial representative techniques becomes ever more important.

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Mitigating Urban Heat Island Effects in Tehran Metropolitan Area

Cited by 8 publications

References 12 publications

A Review on Remote Sensing of Urban Heat and Cool Islands

A Review on Remote Sensing of Urban Heat and Cool Islands

Seasonal Variations of the Surface Urban Heat Island in a Semi-Arid City

Hazing Iran: Satellite Imagery, Human Rights, and City as Camp

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