Mitigation of Photovoltaics Penetration Impact upon Networks Using Lithium-Ion Batteries

Abstract

The paper conducts a comprehensive analysis of the impact of very large-scale photovoltaic generation systems on various aspects of power systems, including voltage profile, frequency, active power, and reactive power. It specifically investigates IEEE 9-bus, 39-bus, and 118-bus test systems, emphasizing the influence of different levels of photovoltaic penetration. Additionally, it explores the effectiveness of battery energy storage systems in enhancing system stability and transient response. The transition to PV generation alters system stability characteristics, impacting frequency response and requiring careful management of PV plant locations and interactions with synchronous generators to maintain system reliability. This study highlights how high penetration of photovoltaic systems can improve steady-state voltage levels but may lead to greater voltage dips in contingency scenarios. It also explores how battery energy storage system integration supports system stability, showing that a balance between battery energy storage system capacity and synchronous generation is essential to avoid instability. In scenarios integrating photovoltaic systems into the grid, voltage levels remained stable at 1 per unit and frequency was tightly controlled between 49.985 Hz and 50.015 Hz. The inclusion of battery energy storage systems further enhanced stability, with 25% and 50% battery energy storage system levels maintaining strong voltage and frequency due to robust grid support and sufficient synchronous generation. At 75% battery energy storage system, minor instabilities arose as asynchronous generation increased, while 100% battery energy storage system led to significant instability and oscillations due to minimal synchronous generation. These findings underline the importance of synchronous generation for grid reliability as battery energy storage system integration increases.