Mitochondrial damage‐associated molecular patterns in blood transfusion products

Abstract

Mitochondria are organelles in charge of energy supply and the control of apoptosis. Owing to their similarities with bacteria, however, extracellular mitochondria are considered damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) capable of activating the immune system and non-immune cells. Studies revealed that diverse blood products contain extracellular mitochondria, which could account for the adverse reactions that can occur in transfusion. In this review, we discuss how mitochondrial DAMPs can trigger inflammatory responses, we highlight conditions relevant to transfusion during which mitochondria have been identified outside cells, and we discuss their potential as biomarkers for the assessment of blood product quality.

The evaluation of reactive oxygen species generation and free mitochondrial DNA in platelet concentrates during 5 days of storage

“…In conclusion, our findings indicate that ROS generation and cell membrane damage can augment mtDNA release during platelet concentrate storage. Simmons showed in a study that mitochondrial damage might cause adverse reactions after multiple transfusions [24]. It seems that the inhibition of mtDNA release during storage time can improve the quality of platelet concentrates and reduce the adverse platelet transfusion reactions; it would be interesting for future work.…”

“…It has been suggested that free mtDNA presence in the extracellular milieu of blood components is because of the platelet activation or lesions, platelet apoptosis that occurs during blood collection, blood processing, and storage time or treatment with agents [24] as we investigated the impact of storage time and parameters of platelet storage lesions (PSLs) on releasing mtDNA from platelet in platelet concentrates. Very little was found in previous studies on the effect of platelet concentrate storage time on the levels of free mtDNA.…”

Analysis of the frequency of post transfusion adverse reactions and their association with blood components supplied by the Regional Blood Transfusion Center in Poznań (2011–2018)

“…Although blood components issued for clinical use are liable to specific regulations, principles of good manufacturing practice (GMP) and qualitative tests, they still demonstrate high variability resulting from the differences between individual blood donors [44]. Numerous studies confirm that the origin and type of blood component as well as the preparation method and storage time have big impact on transfusion outcome [5,20,23,[44][45][46][47].…”

Platelet‐derived extracellular vesicles convey mitochondrial DAMPs in platelet concentrates and their levels are associated with adverse reactions

“…Mitochondrial DAMPs have been described in a multitude of inflammatory conditions . Thus, if released from a damaged cell, mitochondrial DAMPs are suggested to contribute to inflammation …”

“…How mitochondria are released by platelets in platelet concentrates is not completely understood, but factors such as the methodology used to prepare platelet concentrates (e.g. , platelet‐rich plasma, apheresis, and buffy coat) and the utilization of pathogen inactivation systems have been suggested …”